본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

배당정책과 이익의 질에 관한 연구: 배당신호가설의 재검증

A Re-examination of the Information Content of Dividends: Evidence from the Korean Stock Market

2

조회

0

다운로드

17

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류경영학

초록

배당의 정보효과에 대한 실증분석으로 배당의 미래 이익 예측력에 대한 연구들이 진행되어 온 가운데 일반적으로 배당의 변화와 미래 이익과의 직접적인 관계는 통계적 유의성이 약하거나 없는 것으로 밝혀져 왔다. 본 연구는 배당 신호가설에 대한 기존의 실증적 연구에 문제를 제기하고 새로운 접근법으로 검증하고자 하였다. 경영자는 미래 이익이 지속가능하다고 예측될 경우에만 배당을 점진적으로 높인다는 배당의 안정성을 감안할 때, 배당이 보내는 신호의 대상은 미래 이익의 수준이라기보다는 이익의 질(earnings quality)이라는 가설을 설정하였다. 2000년부터 2012년 까지 한국거래소에 상장된 기업들을 대상으로 배당의 변화가 이익의 질에 미치는 영향을 동태적패널(dynamic panel) 모형을 이용하여 분석하였고, 이익의 질에 대한 대용변수로 선행연구를 참조하여 이익지속성, 발생액의 질 및 손실지속성 등을 사용하였다. 실증분석 결과, 배당개시 또는 고배당이 미래의 이익창출능력에는 유의한 영향이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 배당개시기업 또는 고배당기업의 경우 당기 이익창출능력과 차기 이익창출능력 간의 지속성이 더 높아 배당정책이 이익의 지속성에 유의한 영항을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 배당개시 또는 고배당 기업의 경우 재량적 이익발생액이 더 낮았으며, 손실지속성은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 배당의 미래 이익의 질에 대한 정보효과가 존재한다는 실증적 증거로 이해될 수 있다.

Abstract

In the asymmetric information framework, the dividend signaling model suggests that firm managers as insiders choose dividend policy to signal private information to outside investors(Bhattacharya, 1979; John and Williams, 1985; Miller and Rock, 1985). According to this theory, firm managers have an incentive to increase or initiate dividend in order to signal their private information when the current stock is below its intrinsic value. Thus, dividend signalling hypothesis implicates that firms changing dividends would experience stock price reactions. While previous studies have tried to find the empirical evidence on the information content of dividends, many of them yield mixed results. Much evidence shows that the change of dividends are not significantly correlated with future earnings(DeAngelo et al., 2006; Grullon et al., 2005; Grullon et al. 2002). This paper proposes a new approach to reexamine the dividend-signaling hypothesis. As identified by Lintner(1956) dividend-smoothing behavior in the stock market is fairly widespread. Lintner shows that while most managers would have in mind a long-run target dividend, many of them smooth dividend payouts with regard to earnings, which is so called “partial adjustment process”. In this paper, we argue that if corporate managers smooth dividends and dividend changes follow shifts in long-run and sustainable earnings as Lintner et al.(1968) suggested, the information content of dividends implies that dividends changes may signal the quality, not the level, of future earnings. Therefore, we test the hypothesis that the dividend policy would signal the quality of earnings. To test this hypothesis, we employ earnings persistence, the quality of accrual, and loss persistence as the measures of the earnings quality and use a sample of industrial firms listed on the Korea Exchange (KRX) during the years 2000 to 2012. We first test whether the change in dividend policies such as dividend initiation and paying large dividends affect the persistence of BEP(Basic Earning Power) and ROA. By employing Arellano and Bond(1991)’s GMM estimation, we show that dividend initiation and increases do not affect the level of future earnings. However, when the variables of dividend initiation and large dividends are interacted with current BEP and ROA, we find the positive and significant relationship between the interaction variables and future BEF or ROA. The results suggest that when firms initiate or pay large dividends, current earnings are more strongly correlated with future earnings. We also use two more variables measuring the earning quality, earning accruals and loss persistence. Our empirical results also show that dividend initiation and large dividends are negatively correlated with discretionary accruals and significantly reduce the persistence of negative earnings. Overall, this study provides the evidence, consistent with the our new hypothesis, that dividends are informative about the quality of earnings.

참고문헌 (48)

  1. 김병곤, "정보비대칭과 배당정책: 배당신호가설 검증", 金融工學硏究, 9(1), pp.99~124 (2010), 한국금융공학회
  2. 김지홍, "한국기업의 배당성향에 대한 재해석과 이익의 질에 관한 배당정보효과 분석", 회계정보연구, 30(4), pp.1~34 (2012), 한국회계정보학회
  3. 김진태, "기업의 이익조정 유형과 조세회피: 적자회피 기업과 Big bath 기업을 중심으로", 기업경영연구, 20(2), pp.61~75 (2013), 한국기업경영학회
  4. 박영규, "발생액 이익조정과 실제이익조정에 관한 연구: 대체적인가, 보완적인가?", 기업경영연구, 19(6), pp.43~58 (2012), 한국기업경영학회
  5. 이화진, "이익지속성을 통한 배당정보효과의 재조명", 회계학연구, 30(1), pp.133~166 (2005), 한국회계학회
  6. 장승욱, "배당정책과 기업 특성에 관한 실증적 연구 -부분조정모형을 중심으로-", 기업경영연구, 17(3), pp.145~157 (2010), 한국기업경영학회
  7. 전상경, "배당변화와 미래 수익성 예측", 金融工學硏究, 10(1), pp.1~32 (2011), 한국금융공학회
  8. 최관, "현금전환가능성에 따른 발생액의 질과 시장이상현상", 회계학연구, 32(3), pp.1~26 (2007), 한국회계학회
  9. Ahn, S. C., "Efficient Estimation of Models for Dynamic Panel Data", Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), pp.5~27 (1995)
  10. Allen, F., "A Theory of Dividends Based on Tax Clienteles", The Journal of Finance, 55(6), pp.2499~2536 (2000)
  11. Anderson, T. W., "Formulation and Estimation of Dynamic Models Using Panel Data", Journal of Econometrics, 18(1), pp.47~82 (1982)
  12. Arellano, M., "Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-components Models", Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), pp.29~51 (1995)
  13. Arellano, M., "Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data : Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations", Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), pp.277~297 (1991)
  14. Bernstein, L. A., "The Concept of Earnings Quality", Financial Analysts Journal, 35(4), pp.72~75 (1979)
  15. Bhattacharya, S., "Imperfect Information, Dividend Policy, and ‘the Bird in the hand’Fallacy", Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), pp.259~270 (1979)
  16. Black, F., "The Effects of Dividend Yield and Dividend Policy on Common Stock Prices and Returns", Journal of Financial Economics, 1(1), pp.1~22 (1974)
  17. Cornell, B., "Accounting Valuation: Is Earnings Quality an Issue?", Financial Analysts Journal, 59(6), pp.20~28 (2003)
  18. Daniel, N. D., "Do Firms Manage Earnings to Meet Dividend Thresholds?", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 45(1), pp.2~26 (2008)
  19. DeAngelo, H., "Are Dividends Disappearing? Dividend Concentration and the Consolidation of Earnings", Journal of Financial Economics, 72(3), pp.425~456 (2004)
  20. DeAngelo, H., "Dividend Policy and the Earned", contributed Capital Mix : A Text of the Life-cycle Theory, 2006, pp.81(2), 227~254
  21. Dechow, P., "The Quality of Accruals and Earnings: The Role of Accrual Estimation Errors", Accounting Review, 77(s1), pp.35~59 (2002)
  22. Denis, D., "The Information Content of Dividend Changes : Cash Flow Signaling, Overinvestment, and Dividend Clienteles", Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 29(4), pp.567~587 (1994)
  23. Easterbrook, F., "Two Agency-cost Explanations of Dividends", American Economic Review, 74(4), pp.650~659 (1984)
  24. Fama, E., "Dividend Policy : An Empirical Analysis", Journal of American Statistical Association, 63(324), pp.1132~1161 (1968)
  25. Fama, E., "Disappearing Dividends: Changing Firm Characteristics or Lower Propensity to Pay?", Journal of Financial Economics, 60(1), pp.3~43 (2001)
  26. Francis, J., "Cost of Equity and Earnings Attributes", The Accounting Review, 79(4), pp.967~1010 (2004)
  27. Francis, J., "The Market Pricing of Accruals Quality", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39(2), pp.259~327 (2005)
  28. Graham, J. R., "Do Dividend Clienteles Exist? Evidence on Dividend Preferences of Retail Investors", The Journal of Finance, 61(3), pp.1305~1336 (2006)
  29. Grinstein, Y., "Institutional Holdings and Payout Policy", The Journal of Finance, 60(3), pp.1389~1426 (2005)
  30. Grullon, G., "Are Dividend Changes a Sign of Firm Maturity?", Journal of Business, 75(3), pp.387~424 (2002)
  31. Grullon, G., "Dividend Changes Do Not Signal Changes in Future Profitability", Journal of Business, 78(5), pp.1659~1682 (2005)
  32. Jensen, M. C., "Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers", American Economic Review, 76(2), pp.323~329 (1986)
  33. John, K., "Dividends Dilution and Taxes: A Signalling Equilibrium", The Journal of Finance, 40(4), pp.1053~1070 (1985)
  34. Porta, R., "Corporate Ownership Around the World", The Journal of Finance, 54(2), pp.471~517 (1999)
  35. Lintner, J., "Distribution of Incomes of Corporations Among Dividends, Retained Earnings and Taxes", American Economic Review, 46(2), pp.97~113 (1956)
  36. Lipe, R., "The Relation Between Stock Returns and Accounting Earnings Given Alternative Information", The Accounting Review, 65(1), pp.25~32 (1990)
  37. Miller, M., "Dividend Policy, Growth and the Valuation of Shares", Journal of Business, 34(4), pp.411~433 (1961)
  38. Miller, M., "Dividend Policy under Asymmetric Information", The Journal of Finance, 40(4), pp.1031~1051 (1985)
  39. Nickell, S, "Biases in Dynamic Models with Fxed Effects", Econometrica, 49(6), pp.1417~1426 (1981)
  40. Ohlson, J. A., "Earnings, Book Values and Dividends in Security Valuation", Contemporary Accounting Research, 11(2), pp.661~687 (1995)
  41. Rantapuska, E., "Ex-dividend Day Trading : Who, How, and Why? : Evidence from the Finnish Market", Journal of Financial Economics, 88(2), pp.355~374 (2008)
  42. Richrdson, S., "Accrual Reliability, Earnings Persistence and Stock Prices", Journal of Accounting and economics, 39(3), pp.437~485 (2005)
  43. Richrdson, S., "The Implication of Accounting Distortions and Growth for Accruals and Profitability", The Accounting Review, 81(3), pp.713~743 (2006)
  44. Shleifer, A., "Large Shareholders and Corporate Control", Journal of Political Economy, 94(3), pp.461~488 (1986)
  45. Skinner, D. J., "What do Dividends Tell Us About Earnings Quality?", Review of Accounting Studies, 16(1), pp.1~28 (2011)
  46. Sloan, R., "Do Stock Prices Fully Reflect Information in Accruals and Cash Flows about Future Earnings?", The Accounting Review, 71(3), pp.289~315 (1996)
  47. Wooldridge, J., "Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data" (2002), The MIT Press
  48. Xie, H., "The Mispricing of Abnormal Accruals", The Accounting Review, 76(3), pp.357~373 (2001)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (9건)