重慶方言“V得”結構的語法化過程分析

Abstract

In modern mandarin, the structure of “V得” formed by adding “得” to the verb is not often used. In mandarin, the complement element “C” is usually added after “V得” to form a combined complement structure “V得C”. In the area of Chongqing dialect which belongs to the Southwest dialect, although the structure of “V得C” is also used, “V得” structure is still widely used in daily life to express possibility or ability, such as “吃得”, “要得”, “做得” and so on. We believe that “得” in “V得C” structure has been grammaticalized as a structural auxiliary word, and the usage of “得” in “V得” in Chongqing dialect is also the result of the grammaticalization of content words. This paper will start from the structure of “V得” in Chongqing dialect, expound its usage in modern Chongqing dialect, and make a diachronic investigation of “V得” structure, so as to infer the grammaticalization process of “V得” in Chongqing dialect. This paper analyzed three usages of “V得” structure in modern Chongqing dialect: 1. Indicates the possibility of the action being realized; 2. Indicates the subject before “V得” has any ability or advantage; 3. Indicates the completion of the action and has been solidified as a vocabulary form. The first two of them belong to the possibility complementary structure which represent the category of “possibility” (objective condition and subjective ability), and the third can be seen as lexical structure. The coexistence of three usages of “V得” in Chongqing dialect can be regarded as the residue of different grammatical functions in the grammaticalization process of “得”. This paper maked a diachronic investigation on the structure of “V得” and analyzed the grammaticalization process of “V得” in Chongqing dialect. That is, the structure of “V得” in Chongqing dialect, which represents the category of possibility(objective condition and subjective ability), was first accompanied by the grammaticalization of “得”, which was grammaticalized from the structure “V不得” that represents “negate the possibility of action realization”. Later, its internal semantics diverged, resulting in two meanings: “indicates the possibility of action realization” and “indicates that the subject has some ability”. Finally, these two usages were preserved in Chongqing dialect. The structure of “V得”, which represents the completion of action and solidifies into a lexical form, was first grammaticalized from the verb “得” into a verb complement that represents the realization or completion of action, then closely combined with the verb before “得”, and finally grammaticalized into a lexical form.