‘惡漢으로서의 잔혹한 아랍-스와힐리인 노예상과 해방자로서의 선한 영국인’: 『노예들의 해방』에 나타난 타자로서의 아랍-스와힐리인
Arabo-Swahili Slave Traders as Savage Villains versus the Good British as God-sent Saviors: Arabo-Swahilis as the Other in Uhuru wa Watumwa(The Freeing of the Slaves)
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
On the basis of the socio-historical fact that the Swahili on the East African coast in general, and those in Kenya in particular, have been peripheral in its negative sense of meaning in colonial and post-colonial Kenya and that a significant number of Kenyans, specifically non-Muslim Kenyans, have a quite generalized tendency not to regard the Swahili as their fellow compatriots, but to characterize them as others, this paper attempts to analyze Uhuru wa Watumwa (The Freeing of the Slaves) as part of colonial discourse and delineate the overall process of othering the Swahili in the context of imperial expansion. Special attention needs to be paid to the historical context in which Uhuru wa Watumwa was written and distributed as school textbooks at the height of colonial domination and local resistance that culminated in the Mau Mau Uprising mainly by the Kikuyu. In face of anti-colonial sentiment and military resistance by the colonized people, the British colonial government was in dire need of securing its own positive images as God-sent saviors with a civilizing mission. The positive identity formation of British colonialism through the stigmatization of the Arabo-Swahili as barbaric and savage slave traders was intended to silence and neutralize anti-colonial sentiment and local resistance. The fact that Uhuru wa Watumwa was written by an African who actively collaborated with the colonial regime and benefitted from it can be understood as a crude manifestation that the voices contained in this book are in line with what the British colonial regime tried to disseminate among the colonized people. Various rhetorical and discursive ways and means of stigmatizing the Arabo-Swahili as others such as use of binary opposition, stereotypes, colonial gazes, self-denial of the colonized, etc. are analyzed from a critical point of view. What this paper attempts is to elucidate how the Swahili were stigmatized as others in this book and its long-term implications in colonial and post-colonial Kenyan society as a whole.
Abstract
On the basis of the socio-historical fact that the Swahili on the East African coast in general, and those in Kenya in particular, have been peripheral in its negative sense of meaning in colonial and post-colonial Kenya and that a significant number of Kenyans, specifically non-Muslim Kenyans, have a quite generalized tendency not to regard the Swahili as their fellow compatriots, but to characterize them as others, this paper attempts to analyze Uhuru wa Watumwa (The Freeing of the Slaves) as part of colonial discourse and delineate the overall process of othering the Swahili in the context of imperial expansion. Special attention needs to be paid to the historical context in which Uhuru wa Watumwa was written and distributed as school textbooks at the height of colonial domination and local resistance that culminated in the Mau Mau Uprising mainly by the Kikuyu. In face of anti-colonial sentiment and military resistance by the colonized people, the British colonial government was in dire need of securing its own positive images as God-sent saviors with a civilizing mission. The positive identity formation of British colonialism through the stigmatization of the Arabo-Swahili as barbaric and savage slave traders was intended to silence and neutralize anti-colonial sentiment and local resistance. The fact that Uhuru wa Watumwa was written by an African who actively collaborated with the colonial regime and benefitted from it can be understood as a crude manifestation that the voices contained in this book are in line with what the British colonial regime tried to disseminate among the colonized people. Various rhetorical and discursive ways and means of stigmatizing the Arabo-Swahili as others such as use of binary opposition, stereotypes, colonial gazes, self-denial of the colonized, etc. are analyzed from a critical point of view. What this paper attempts is to elucidate how the Swahili were stigmatized as others in this book and its long-term implications in colonial and post-colonial Kenyan society as a whole.
참고문헌 (47)
- 김영민, "컨텍스트로, 패턴으로" (1996), 문학과지성사
- 올리비에 르블, "언어와 이데올로기" (1994), 역사비평사
- 미셸 푸코, "담론의 질서" (1998), 서강대학교 출판사
- 원종익, "프랑스어로 된 아프리카 최초의 문학 작품들", 한국아프리카 학회지, 30(1), pp.99~128 (2009), 한국아프리카학회
- 장용규, "스와힐리 신화를 넘어서: 이주와 현대적 스와힐리 정체성의 형성", 국제지역연구, 12(4), pp.395~420 (2009), 국제지역연구센터
- Abdulaziz, Mohamed H., "MUYAKA: 19th Century Swahili Popular Poetry" (1979), Kenya Literature Bureau
- Arens, W., "The Waswahili: the social history of an ethnic group", Africa, 45, pp.426~438 (1975)
- Ashcroft, Bill, "Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts" (2000), Routledge
- Beckerleg, Susan, "Modernity has been Swahili-ised: The Case of Malindi", pp.19~35 (2004), Identity on the East Coast of Africa
- "Trenton", Africa World Press
- Bertoncini-Zúbkobá, Elena, "Outline of Swahili Literature: Prose Fiction and Drama" (2009), Brill
- Bhabha, Homi K., "The Other Question: the Stereotype and Colonial Discourse. in: The Sexual Subject: a Screen Reader in Sexuality", pp.312~331 (1992), Routledge
- Blommaert, Jan, "Discourse: A Critical Introduction" (2005), Cambridge University Press
- Blommaert, Jan, "Ujamaa and the Creation of the New Waswahili. in: Continuing and Autonomy in Swahili Communities: Inland Influences and Strategies of Self-determination", pp.65~81 (1994), AFRO-PUB
- Eastman, Carol, "Who are the Waswahili?", Africa, 41, pp.228~236 (1971)
- Eastman, Carol, "Swahili Ethnicity: A Myth Becomes Reality in Kenya. in: Continuing and Autonomy in Swahili Communities:Inland Influences and Strategies of Self-determination", pp.83~97 (1994), AFRO-PUB
- Fairclough, Norman, "Discourse and Social Change" (1992), Polity
- Fairclough, Norman, "Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language" (1996), Longman
- Fairclough, Norman, "Language and Power" (2001), Pearson Education
- Foucault, Michel, "L'ordre du discours" (1971), Gallimard
- Garnier, Xavier, "L'effet roman: Arrivée du roman dans les langues d'Afrique" (2006), L'Harmattan
- Jaworski, Adam, "The Discourse Reader" (1999), Routledge
- Hulme, P., "Colonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean 1490-1797", Methuen
- Kayamba, H. M. T., "Tulivyoona na Tulivyofanya Ingereza" (1932), The Sheldon Press
- Klein, Harriet E. Manelis, "Narrative. in: Key Terms in Language and Culture", pp.162~164 (2001), Basil Blackwell
- Kusimba, Chapurukha M., "The Rise and Fall of Swahili States" (1999), Alta Mira Press
- Macdonell, Diane, "Theories of Discourse: An Introduction" (1991), Blackwell
- Massamba, David P. B., "Historia ya Kiswahili 50 BK hadi 1500 BK" (2002), The Jomo Kenyatta Foundation
- Mazrui, Alamin M., "The Swahili: Idiom and Identity of an African People" (1994), Africa World Press
- Mbotela, James, "Uhuru wa Watumwa" (1934), Sheldon Press
- Mbotela, James, "Uhuru wa Watumwa" (1951), The Eagle Press
- McGrane, B., "Beyond Anthropology: Society and the Other" (1986), Columbia University Press
- Middleton, John, "African Merchants of the Indian Ocean: Swahili of the East African Coast" (2004), Waveland Press
- Mills, Sara, "Discourse" (1997), Routledge
- Nurse, Derek, "THE SWAHILI: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society", pp.800~1500, University of Pennsylvania Press
- Okawa, Mayuko, "奴隸言說の現在: ザンジバルにおける奴隸制とア フリカ系 オマ-ン人の歷史認識", Journal of Asian and African Studies, 75, pp.63~95 (2008)
- Parkin, David, "Continuing and Autonomy in Swahili Communities:Inland Influences and Strategies of Self-determination" (1994), AFRO-PUB
- Parsons, Timothy, "The British Imperial Century, 1815-1914: A World History Perspective" (1999), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
- Philipson, Robert, "Slaves and Saviours: Images of Arabs and Englishman in 'Uhuru wa Watumwa'", Ba Shiru, 13(1), pp.40~49 (1987)
- Reconceptualizing Africa: The Construction of African Historical Identity, "Portuguese Conceptual Categories and the 'Other' Encounter on the Swahili Coast. in: Conceptualizing", pp.2002, Prestholdt, Jeremy
- Said, Edward W., "Orientalism" (1978), Vintage Books
- Shariff, I. N., "Waswahili and their language: some misconceptions", Kiswahili, 43, pp.67~75 (1973)
- Sheriff, Abdul, "Slaves, Spices & Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy", pp.1770~1873 (1873), James Currey
- Schiffrin, Deborah, "Approaches to Discourse" (1994), Blackwell
- Stigand, C. H., "The Land of Zanj: Being an Account of the British East Africa, its Ancient History and Present Inhabitants" (1966), Frank Cass & Co.
- Strobel, Margaret, "Muslim Women in Mombasa 1890-1975" (1975), Yale University Press
- van Dijk, Teun A., "Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach" (1998), Sage Publications