교육투자와 경제성장의 상관관계에 대한 탐색연구: 사하라이남 아프리카를 중심으로
Does investment in education promote economic growth? Preliminary Evidence From Sub-Saharan Africa
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다수의 연구에서 교육과 인적자원개발은 압축 경제성장의 견인차 역할을 담당한다고 주장했다. 많은 경험적 연구들이 인적 자본의 증가는 노동생산성 성장률과 긴밀한 관계를 맺으면서 경제성장에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있다고 뒷받침했다. 지금까지 교육의 확대는 실업과 빈곤률을 빠른 시간 내에 줄이고 계층 간 유동성을 촉진시킴과 동시에 노동생산성을 발전시켜 경제성장의 원인이 되는 우선순위로 주목을 받았으며 개발협력 우선순위에서 촉망 받는 패러다임이 되었다. 사하라이남 아프리카에서도 교육과 인적 자본은 노동생산성 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 끼칠 것이라는 믿음이 팽배했고, 이 믿음은 사하라이남 아프리카 정부의 우선순위와 정책에 반영되어 교육에 대한 투자로 집행되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 사하라이남 아프리카지역의 국가들을 대상으로 한 교육 투자의 효과성에 대한 계량적 분석에서, 교육 투자가 경제성장에 미치는 긍정적인 효과는 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 그간의 국내연구는 다른 지역과는 달리 사하라이남 아프리카에서 교육에 대한 투자가 노동생산성 성장과 경제성장으로 이어지지 못하는 이유에 대해서 큰 관심을 가지지 못했고 이에 대한 체계적인 연구가 부족했다. 이러한 도전을 맞아 사하라이남 아프리카에서 교육 투자가 경제성장의 효과성에 주요한 영향을 미치는 원인과 교육 투자가 경제성장에 미치는 효과에 대해 보다 면밀한 성찰과 체계적인 설명이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구 논문은 사하라이남 아프리카의 교육 투자와 경제성장의 괴리를 설명하기 위해서 첫째, 사하라이남 아프리카 정부의 물적 자본에 대한 투자 부족 둘째, 사하라이남 아프리카의 탈산업화와 고용창출의 부족, 셋째, 인적 자본의 비효율적인 배분, 넷째, 교육의 낮은 질에 초점을 맞춘 분석틀을 활용하였다. 본 연구는 사하라이남 아프리카 교육투자가 경제성장에 미치는 효과성에 대해 체계적으로 설명하고 이에 대한 후속연구의 중요성에 대해 강조하고자 한다.
Abstract
This paper is designed to examine the impact of education investment on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Human capital plays a primary role for economic success. More investment to education increases economic growth. Accordingly, the current development paradigm has emphasized the priority to expand universal primary education and vocational training in developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa has invested substantially to improve the educational attainment of the labor force and to raise productivity but yet still faces declining labor productivity and economic growth. The conventional explanations for the lack of effect of education investment have included poor governance and low quality of education. However, the link between education growth and economic growth is still puzzling. This paper analyzes the puzzling effect of education expenditure on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, this study observes that this puzzle is attributable to the lack of investment to physical capital, deindustrialization and the lack of job creation, labor market distortions, and the low quality of educational service. The paper further suggests the systematic investment to physical capital, the improvement of job creation, the diversification of industry, and the improvement of education quality is essential to upgrade the contributions of education investment to economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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