사하라 무역로와 서아프리카 수단 지역 문명의 발전
The Trans-Saharan Trade Route and Development of the Western Sudan Civilization
0
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
사하라 사막을 넘어 무역이 본격적으로 이루어지기 이전부터 북아프리카와 서아프리카 수단 지역의 교류가 있었다는 것은 분명한 사실이다. 낙타가 이용되면서 장거리 사하라 무역로가 발전하게 되었고 이에 따라 서아프리카 수단 지역의 사회·경제적 관계가 역동적으로 변화하게 만들었다. 사회의 수직적·계층적 구조가 형성되었고 지배와 통치체제가 발달하여 중앙집권적 왕국이나 제국이 발전할 수 있게 만들었다. 사하라 무역로는 복잡한 그물처럼 교차되어 구성되었다. 중요한 무역로는 가나왕국에서 모로코(Morocco)까지; 팀북투(Timbuktu)에서 튀니스(Tunis)까지; 카노(Kano)에서 아가데스(Agades), 가트(Ghat)와 가다메스(Ghadames)를 거쳐 튀니스와 트리폴리까지; 그리고 보르누(Bornu)에서 빌마(Bilma)와 무르주크(Murzuk)를 거쳐 트리폴리까지 이어졌고 가트와 트리폴리로부터 이집트까지 계속 이어졌다아랍인들의 관점에서는 금과 노예가 서아프리카 수단 지역과의 무역에서 가장 중요한 품목이었던 반면, 서아프리카인의 관점에서는 소금이 가장 중요한 품목이었다. 근동의 철기기술이 페니키아 선원들과 베르베르 상인들에 근동의 철기기술을 사하라 무역로를 통해 전해주었으며 서아프리카 수단 지역 문명의 발전을 가능하게 하였다. 사하라 무역은 철기기술의 전파와 함께 서아프리카의 수단 지역 문명의 발전에 중요한 기여를 했다. 특히 수단 지역에 출현한 가나(Ghana), 말리(Mali), 송가이(Songhai), 그리고 카넴-보르누(Kanem-Bornu) 왕국은 사하라 무역을 기반으로 흥망성쇠를 이어갔다. 중세 서아프리카의 문명은 북아프리카 및 사하라 사막 북부지역과 현재의 기니 만 연안의 남부지역의 중계무역으로 꽃을 피웠다.
Abstract
It is clear that there has been an exchange between North Africa and Western Sudan prior to the full-fledged trade beyond the Sahara Desert. The use of camels led to the development of the Trans-Saharan trade route, which dynamically changed the socio-economic relationship in the West African region. A vertical and hierarchical societal structure has been formed, and dominance and rule of government was developed so that a centralized kingdom or empire can develop. The Sahara trade route was constructed as a complex net. Some of the important trade routes include from the Kingdom of Ghana to Morocco; from Timbuktu to Tunis; from Kano to Tunis and Tripoli through Agades, Ghat and Ghadames; and continued from Borno to Tripoli through Bilma and Murzuk; then continued from Gat and Tripoli to Egypt. From the Arabs viewpoint, gold and slaves were the most important items to trade with Western Sudan, while salt was the most important item for the West Africans. The iron technology of the Near East was provided to Phoenician sailors and Berber merchants through the Sahara Trade Route, enabling the development of Western Sudan civilization. The Sahara trade contributed to the development of Western Sudan civilization with the spread of iron technology. Particularly in the Sudan areas, the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and Kanem-Bornu have risen and declined based on the Sahara trade. Western Sudan civilization blossomed as a transit trade between North Africa or the northern region of Sahara Desert and the southern region of the Gulf of Guinea coast.
참고문헌 (76)
- Arazi, Noemie, "Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali: Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources", Ph.D, pp.2005
- McNaughton, Patric R., "The Bamana Blacksmiths: A Study of Sculptors and Their Art", Ph.D., pp.1977
- Messier, Ronald A., "Muslim Exploitation of West African Gold during the Period of the Fatimid Caliphate", Ph.D., pp.1972
- Nixon, Sam, "The archaeology of Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Trading towns in West Africa: a comparative view and progressive methodology from the entrepot of Essouk-Tadmekka", Ph.D., pp.2008
- Swanson, John Theodore, "The Not-Yet-Golden Trade: Contact And Commerce Between North Africa And The Sudan, To The Eleventh Century", Ph.D., pp.1978
- 김광수, "아프리카 역사와 문화" (2004), 다해
- 김윤진, "서아프리카 역사 이해" (2013), 다해
- 롤랜드 올리버, "아프리카 : 500만 년의 역사와 문화" (2001), 여강출판사
- Abun-Nasr, Jamil M., "A History of the Maghrib" (1971), Cambridge Univerisity Press
- Ajayi, J.F.A., "History of West Africa, Volume One" (1985), Longman
- Bovill, E. W., "The Golden Trade fo the Moors" (1968), Oxford University Press
- Cintas, Pierre, "Elements d’étude pour une protohistorique de la Tunisie" (1961), Pressés Universitaires
- Clutton-Brock, Juliet, "The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals, and Towns", pp.61~70 (1993), Routledge
- Connah, Graham, "Lectures on Nigerian Prehistory and Archaeology", pp.30~36 (1969), Ibadan University Press
- Crowder, Michael, "A History of West Africa: A.D. 1000 to the Present" (1979), Longman
- Curtin, Philip D., "Cross-cultural Trade in World History" (1984), Cambridge University Press
- Davidson, B., "Africa: History of a Continent" (1972), Macmillan
- Davidson, B., "African Civilization Revisited: From Antiquity to Modern Times" (1991), Africa World Press
- Ehret, C., "The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800" (2002), University Press of Virginia
- García, Luis P., "La España Primitiva" (1950), Editiorial Berna, S.A
- Gilbert, E., "Africa in World History" (2004), Pearson Education
- Hall, Bruce S., "A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600-1960 (African Studies)" (2014), Cambridge University Press
- Herbert, Eugenia W., "Iron, Gender, and Power: Rituals of Transformation in African Societies (African Systems of Thought)" (1994), Indiana University Press
- Hopkins, A. G., "An Economic History of West Africa" (1973), Longman
- Hrbek, I., "General history of Africa III : Africa from the seventh to the eleventh century" (1999), UNESCO
- Hull, Richard W., "African Cities and Towns before the European Conquest" (1977), W. W. Norton & Company
- Hunwick, John O., "West Africa, Islam, and the Arab World: Studies in Honor of Basil Davidson" (2010), Markus Wiener Publishers
- Iliffe, J., "Africans: The History of a Continent" (1996), Cambridge University Press
- Jackson, J., "Introduction to African civilizations" (2001), University Books
- July, Robert W., "A History of the African People" (1970), Scribner
- Ki-Zerbo, J., "General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century" (1997), James Currey
- Konczacki, M., "An Economic History of Tropical Africa, Vol.1: The Pre-Colonial Period" (1977), Frank Cass
- Kun, Nicholas De, "The Mineral Resources of Africa" (1968), Elsevier Publishing Company
- Law, R.C.C., "Cambridge History of Africa, vol.2", pp.87~147 (1978), Cambridge University Press
- Levtzion, Nehemia, "Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History" (2000), Markus Wiener Publishers
- Levtzion, Nehemia, "Medieval West Africa" (2010), Markus Wiener Publishers
- Levtzion, Nehemia, "Ancient Ghana and Mali" (1973), Methuen and Co Ltd
- Lovejoy, Paul E., "Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan (African Studies)" (2003), Cambridge University Press
- Lovejoy, Paul E., "Ecology and Ethnography of Muslim Trade in West Africa" (2005), Africa World Press, Inc
- Mauny, R., "Cambridge History of Africa, vol.2", pp.272~341 (1978), Cambridge University Press
- McKissack, P., "The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa" (1995), Henry Holt and Company
- McNaughton, Patrick, "The Mande Blacksmiths: Knowledge, Power, and Art in West Africa" (1993), Indiana University Press
- Messier, Ronald A., "The Last Civilized Place Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny" (2015), University of Texas Press
- Nachtigal, Gustav, "Sahara and Sudan II: Kawar, Bornu, Kanem, Borku, Tibesti" (1980), C. Hurst
- Nöthling, F. J., "Pre-colonial Africa; Her Civilisations and Foreign Contacts" (1995), Southern Book Publishers
- Ogini, F. G., "An Outline History of West Africa 1000-1800" (1978), Macmillan
- Ogot, B.A., "General History of Africa V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century" (1999), UNESCO
- Oliver, R., "A Short History of Africa" (1962), New York University Press
- Oliver, Roland, "Africa in the Iron Age: c.500 B.C. to A.D. 1400" (1975), Cambridge University Press
- Onwubiko, K.B.O., "School Certificate, History of West Africa, AD 1000-1800, Book One" (1985), Africana-Fep Publishers Limited
- Phillipson, D.W., "African Archaeology" (1985), Cambridge University Press
- Reader, J., "Africa: A Biography of the Continent" (1998), Penguin Books
- Schmidt, Peter R., "Iron Technology in East Africa: Symbolism, Science, and Archaeology" (1997), Indiana University Press
- Shillington, K., "History of Africa" (1993), Macmillan
- Smith, K., "North of the Limpopo: Africa since 1800" (1993), University of South Africa
- Williams, D., "Icon and Image" (1974), New York University Press
- Wright, John, "The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade" (2007), Routledge
- 김광수, "아프리카 중심주의적 시각에서 바라본 아프리카 역사학의 새로운 접근: 아프리카의 역사·문화적 정체성을 중심으로", 아프리카硏究, 19, pp.41~76 (2005)
- Brett, Michael, "Islam and Trade in the Bilad Al-Sudan, Tenth-Eleventh Century A.D", The Journal of African History, 24(4), pp.431~440 (1983)
- Camps, G., "Les traces d’un âge du bronze en Afrique du nord", Revue Africaine, 104, pp.31~55 (1960)
- Connah, Graham, "The Daima Sequence and the Prehistoric Chronology of the Lake Chad Region of Nigeria", Journal of African History, 17, pp.321~352 (1976)
- Doran, Michael F., "The Maritime Provenance of Iron Technology in West Africa", Terrae Incogn, 9, pp.89~98 (1977)
- Gavua, K., "Alternative Site Conservation Strategies in Ghana: The Adome Ancient Ironworking Site", Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 13(2-3), pp.212~230 (2011)
- Lambert, Nicole, "Les industries sur cuivre dans l’ouest saharien", West African Journal of Archaeology, 1, pp.9~21 (1971)
- MacGaffey, Wyatt, "The Blacksmiths of Tamale: The Dynamics of Space and Time in a Ghanaian Industry", Africa, 79(2), pp.169~185 (2009)
- Martin, B. G., "Kanem, Bornu, and the Fazzan: Notes on the Political History of a Trade Route", The Journal of African History, 10(1), pp.15~27 (1969)
- Mauny, Raymond, "Un âge du cuivre au Sahara occidentale?", Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire, 13, pp.168~180 (1951)
- McDougall, E. Ann, "The View from Awdaghust: War, Trade and Social Change in the Southwestern Sahara, from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Century", The Journal of African Historical, 26(1), pp.1~31 (1985)
- McDougall, E. Ann, "Salts of the Western Sahara: Myths, Mysteries, and Historial Significance", The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 23(2), pp.231~257 (1990)
- Posnansky, M., "New Rediocarbon Dates for Northern and Western Africa", Journal of African History, 17(2), pp.161~195 (1976)
- Rowley-Conwy, P., "The Camel in the Nile Valley: New Radiocarbon Accelerator (AMS) Dates from Qaṣr Ibrîm", The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 74, pp.245~248 (1988)
- Swanson, John T., "The Myth of Trans-Saharan Trade during the Roman Era", The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 8(4), pp.582~600 (1975)
- Trigger, Bruce. G., "The Myth of Meroe and the African Iron Age", African Historical Studies, 2(1), pp.23~50 (1969)
- Tylecote, R. F., "The Origins of Iron-Smelting in Africa", West African Journal of Archaeology, 5, pp.1~9 (1975)
- Tylecote, R. F., "Iron Smelting at Taruga, Nigeria", Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society, 9(2), pp.49~56 (1975)
- Vansina, Jan, "Linguistic Evidence for the Introduction of Ironworking into Bantu-Speaking Africa", History in Africa, 33, pp.321~361 (2006)
