본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

아프리카중심주의 시각에서 바라본 아프리카 철 기술의 발명에 관한 고찰

A Study on the Origin of Iron Technology in Africa through Afrocentric Perspective

김광수
한국아프리카학회 (Korean Association Of African Studies)|2020.07|한국아프리카 학회지 (Journal of the Korean Association of African Studies)|제59권 |pp. 3-42

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Africa아프리카철 기술Iron Technology아프리카중심주의Afrocentrismdiffusion theory철 기술의 기원전파·확산 이론Origin of Iron Technology
주제분류학제간연구

초록

많은 학자가 아프리카의 철 기술이 아프리카 외부에서 유입되었다는 데 대해서 일반적으로 동의하고 있지만 여러 학자가 서부 아프리카와 사하라 이남 아프리카에서 철 기술이 독자적으로 발생했고 발전했다고 주장하고 있다. 아프리카 철 기술 기원에 관한 논의에서 우리가 주목해야 할 점은 첫째, 기술은 시간과 대륙을 가로질러 다양한 변화가 발생할 수 있다는 것이다. 둘째, 기술은 동시에 기술, 경제, 사회, 이념, 그리고 정치적인 체제와 함께 이해해야 한다는 것이다. 기술체계는 문화와 사회에 서로 영향을 주고 영향을 받는다. 지금까지 확인한 것은 아프리카 철 기술의 복잡성과 다양성은 결코 충분히 인정받지 못했다는 것이다. 아프리카인이 철 기술을 독자적으로 발명했는가의 문제는 여전히 현재진행형이며 계속해서 연구를 진행해야 할 것으로 보인다. 그러나 아프리카의 철 기술이 지역적, 민족적, 인구통계학적 배경을 바탕으로 독자적으로 다양한 모습으로 발전했다는 것은 분명하다. 서구의 인식은 아프리카는 기술적으로 발전하지 못했다는 전제하에 아프리카 철 기술을 하나의 모습으로 기술하는 것은 올바른 역사 인식과 태도라고 볼 수 없다.

Abstract

Many scholars have generally agreed that African iron technology has been introduced from outside Africa, but several scholars have argued that iron technology originated and developed in West Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. The first thing to note in the discussion of the origins of African iron technology is that, first, technology can undergo a variety of changes across time and continent. Second, technology must be understood at the same time as technology, economy, society, ideology, and political system. Technological systems influence each other in culture and society. What we have confirmed so far is that the complexity and diversity of African iron technology has never been fully appreciated. The question of whether the Africans independently invented the iron technology is still ongoing and seems to require further research. It is evident, however, that African iron technology has evolved in its own way, based on regional, ethnic and demographic backgrounds. The West's perception is that it is not a correct historical perception and attitude to describe African iron technology as a separate form on the premise that Africa has not developed technologically.

참고문헌 (113)

  1. 오흥식, "블랙 아테나" (2006), 소나무
  2. 오흥식, "블랙 아테나: 서양고전문명의 아프리카아시아적 뿌리, 제2권: 고고학 및 문헌증거" (2012), 소나무 출판사
  3. Alpers, E. A., "The Indian Ocean in World History" (2014), Oxford University Press
  4. Asante, M. K., "Afrocentricity" (1988), Africa World Press
  5. Austen, R. A., "African Economic History" (1987), James Currey
  6. Bernal, M., "The Fabrication of Ancient Greece 1785-1985, v.1" (1987), Rutgers University Press
  7. Bernal, M., "Black Athena: The Archaeological and Documentary Evidence v. 2: Afro-Asiatic Roots of Classical Civilization" (1991), Rutgers University Press
  8. Bocoum, H., "Afrique de l’Ouest et Afrique Centrale" (2002), Éditions UNESCO
  9. Bocoum, H., "New Light on its Antiquity: West and Central Africa" (2004), UNESCO
  10. Bocoum, H., "The Origins of Iron Metallurgy in Africa. New Light on its Antiquity: West and CentralAfrica", pp.21~28 (2004), UNESCO
  11. Césaire, A., "Cahier d'un Retour au Pays Natal" (1968), Éditions Presence Africaine
  12. Childs, S. Terry, "Encyclopaedia of The History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures vol.4 M-P", pp.3098~3103 (2016), Springer Reference
  13. Chirikure, Shadreck, "Metals in Past Societies: A Global Perspective on Indigenous African Metallurgy" (2015), Springer
  14. Cline, W. W., "Mining and Metallurgy in Negro Africa" (1937), George Banta
  15. Curtin, D., "African History" (1978), Longman
  16. Diop, C. A., "Nations Nègres et Culture" (1954), Éditions Présence Africaine
  17. Diop, C. A., "The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality?" (1974), Lawrence Hill Books
  18. Carrefour Sahel: Cultural and Technological Developments in First Millennium BC, "Crossroads", pp.Africa Magna, AD West Africa
  19. François, Nsuka-Nkutsi, "Léxpansion bantoue – Actes du colloque internatioinal du CNRS, Viviers (France) 4-16, avril 1977", pp.731~741 (1977), SELAF
  20. Goody, J., "Technology, Tradition and The State in West Africa" (1971), Oxford University
  21. Goucher, Candice L., "The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production", pp.40~57 (1996), University Press of Florida
  22. Haaland, R., "African Iron Working : Ancient and Traditional" (1985), Nonvegian University Press
  23. Hall, M., "The Changing Past" (1987), David Phillip
  24. Hegel, G.W.F, "Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Weltgeschichte" (1840), Batoche
  25. Herbert, E. W., "Iron, Gender, and Power: Rituals of Transformation in African Societies" (1993), Indiana University Press
  26. Holl, A., "Ancient African Metallurgy: The Sciocultural Context", pp.1~81 (2000), AltaMira Press
  27. Hopkins, A. G., "An Economic History of West Africa" (1973), Longman
  28. Horton, M., "Shanga: The Archaeology of a Muslim Trading Community on The Coast of East Africa", pp.14~ (1996), British Institute in Eastern AfricaMemoir
  29. Hume, D., "Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects", A. Millar
  30. Iliffe, J., "Africans : The History of a Continent" (2007), Cambridge University Press
  31. Jemkur, J. F., "The Origins of Iron Metallurgy in Africa. New Light on its Antiquity: West and Central Africa", pp.33~42 (2004), UNESCO
  32. Kense, F. J., "The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns", pp.449~458 (1993), Routledge
  33. Kense, F. J., "Daboya: A Gonja Frontier", 박사, pp.1981
  34. Kense, F.J., "African Iron Working: Ancient and Traditional", pp.11~27 (1985), Nonvegian University Press
  35. Killick, D.J., "The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production", pp.247~266 (1996), University Press of Florida
  36. Lefkowitz, M., "Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History" (1997), Basic Books
  37. Levtzion, N., "Ancient Ghana and Mali, vol. 7" (1973), Methuen
  38. Lim, I., "Beating the Bellows. Film" (1982), Foundation for African Prehistory and Archaeology
  39. MacEachern, Scott, "The Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa: Archaeology, History, Languages, Cultures and Environments", pp.425~429 (1997), Altamira Press
  40. Mauny, R., (1971), Fayard
  41. McIntosh, S. K., "Writing African History", pp.51~85 (2005), University of Rochester Press
  42. O’Brien, M. J., "Innovation in Cultural Systems: Contributions from Evolutionary Anthropology" (2010), MIT Press
  43. Okafor, E. E., "The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals, and Towns", pp.432~448 (1993), Routledge
  44. Okafor, E. E., "Early Iron-Smelting in Nsukka, Nigeria: Information from Slags and Residues", 박사, pp.1992
  45. Okafor, E.E., "The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns", pp.432~438 (1993), Routledge
  46. Oliver, Roland, "Africa in the Iron Age: c.500 B.C. to A.D. 1400" (1975), Cambridge University Press
  47. Phillipson, D., "African Archaeology" (1985), Cambridge University Press
  48. Pikirayi, I., "The Zimbabwe Culture: Origins and Decline in Southern Zambezian States, vol. 3" (2001), AltaMira
  49. Prendergast, M. D, "A New Furnace Type from The Darwendale Dam Basin", Rhodesian Prehistory, 7(14), pp.16~20 (1975)
  50. Rowlands, M., "The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals, and Towns", pp.512~550 (1993), Umwin Hyman
  51. Rustad, J. A., "The Emergence of Iron Technology in West Africa" (1980), B. K. Swartz
  52. Sartre, J. P., "Black Orpheus" (1976), Présence Africaine. Springer
  53. Scarre, C., "The Human Past" (2009), Thames & Hudson
  54. Schiffer, M. B., "Studying Technological Change: A Behavioral Approach" (2011), University of Utah Press
  55. Schmidt, Peter. R., "Iron Technology in East Africa : Symbolism, Science, and Archaeology" (1997), Indiana University Press
  56. Schmidt, Peter. R, "The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production", pp.1~28 (1996), University Press of Florida
  57. Senghor, L. S., "Négritude et Humanisme" (1964), Seuil
  58. Summers, R., "Ancient Mining in Rhodesia and Adjacent Areas" (1969), Trustees of the National Museums of Rhodesia
  59. Sutton, J., "African Iron Working-ancient and Traditional" (1985), Norwegian University Press
  60. Tylecote, R.F., "Metal Working at Meroe, Sudan", Meroitic Studies (Proceedings of the Third International Meroitic Conference, Toronto 1977), pp.29~42 (1982), Akademie-Verlag
  61. Van der Leeuw, S., "What’s New? A Closer Look at the Process of Innovation" (1989), Unwin Hyman
  62. Van der Merwe, N, "The Coming of the Age of Iron", pp.463~506 (1980), Yale University Press
  63. Van Warmelo, N. J., "A Preliminary Survey of the Bantu Tribes of South Africa" (1935), Government Printer
  64. Warmington, B. H, "Carthage" (1969), Robert Dale
  65. Zangato, E., "Les Ateliers d’Oboui: Premières Communautés Métallurgistes dans le nord-est du Centrafrique" (2007), Éditions Récherche sur les Civilisations(ERC)
  66. 김광수, "아프리카 중심주의(Afrocentrism): 아프리카학의 새로운 연구방법론", 아프리카 硏究, 21, pp.55~78 (2007)
  67. 김광수, "아프리카중심주의(Afrocentrism) 시각에서 바라본 범아프리카주의(Pan-Africanism)의 역사적 맥락화 : 남아프리카공화국의 아프리카 르네상스를 중심으로", 외국학연구, (35), pp.383~418 (2016), 외국학연구소[DOI]
  68. 김광수, "사하라 무역로와 서아프리카 수단 지역 문명의 발전", 한국아프리카 학회지, 56(1), pp.47~88 (2019), 한국아프리카학회[DOI]
  69. 김광수, "에티오피아 악숨 문명의 정체성 : 아프리카 중심주의적 시각(Afrocentric perspective)에서", 한국아프리카 학회지, 37(1), pp.75~122 (2012), 한국아프리카학회
  70. Alpern, Stanley B, "Did They or Didn't They Invent it? : Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa", History in Africa, 31, pp.41~94 (2005)
  71. Andah, B. W, "Iron-age Beginnings in West Africa : Reflections and Suggestions", West African Journal of Archaeology, 9, pp.135~150 (1979)
  72. Andah, B. W, "Prehistoric Reconnaissance of Parts of North Central Upper Volta : Its Bearing on Agricultural Beginnings", Bulletin de l’I. F. A. N, 4(2), pp.219~250 (1981)
  73. Anon, "Africa's Ancient Steelmakers", Science (1978)
  74. Austen, R. A., "The Role of Technology in the African Past", African Studies Review, 26, pp.163~184 (1983)
  75. Brown, J, "Early Iron Production", Rhodesian Prehistory, 7, pp.3~7 (1973)
  76. Calvocoressi, D., "A New Survey of Radiocarbon and Thermoluminescence Dates for West Africa", Journal of African History, 20, pp.1~29 (1979)
  77. Chami, Felix A, "Diffusion in The Studies of The African Past : Reflections From New Archaeological Findings", African Archaeological Review, 24, pp.1~14 (2007)
  78. Clist, B, "Vers une réduction des préjugés et la fonte des antagonismes : un bilan de l’expansion de la métallurgie du fer en Afrique sud-Saharienne", Journal of African Archaeology, 10, pp.71~84 (2012)
  79. David, N., "Between Bloomery and Blast Furnace : Mafa Iron-Smelting Technology in North Cameroon", African Archaeological Review, 7(1), pp.183~208 (1989)
  80. Diop, C. A, "La métallurgie du fer sous l’ancien Empire égyptien. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondemental d’Afrique Noir", Série B, 35(3), pp.532~547 (1973)
  81. Diop, L. M, "Métallurgie traditionelle et âge du fer en Afrique Noire", Bulletin de l’Institut Fondemental d’Afrique Noir, Série B, 30(1), pp.10~38 (1968)
  82. Ehret, Christopher, "The Establishment of Iron-Working in Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa: Linguistic Inferences on Technological History", Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, 16(17), pp.125~176 (2000)
  83. François, Nsuka-Nkutsi, "Étude comparative de quelques termes métallurgiques dans les langues bantoues", Expansion Bantoue, 3, pp.371~442
  84. Fuglestad, F, "The Trevor-Roper Trap, or The Imperialism of History. An essay", History in Africa, 19, pp.309~326 (1992)
  85. Goucher, C, "Iron Is Iron 'Til It Rust : Trade and Ecology in the Decline of West African lron-Smelting", Journal of African History, 22, pp.179~189 (1981)
  86. Hansen, B, "The Complementarity of Science and Magic Before the Scientific Revolution", American Scientist, 74(2), pp.128~136 (1986)
  87. Killick, D. J, "On the dating of African Metallurgical Sites", Nyame Akuma, 28, pp.29~30 (1987)
  88. Killick, D. J, "What Do We Know About African Iron Working?", Journal of African Archaeology, 2, pp.97~112 (2004)
  89. Killick, D. J, "Invention and Innovation in African Iron-smelting Technologies", Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 25(1), pp.307~319 (2014)
  90. Killick, D. J., "Reassessment of the Evidence for Early Metallurgy in Niger, West Africa", Journal of Archaeological Science, 15, pp.367~394 (1988)
  91. LaViolette, A, "Reviewed Work : The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production by Peter R. Schmidt", Ethnohistory, 44(4), pp.743~745 (1997)
  92. Law, R, "Wheeled Transport in Precolonial West Africa", Africa, 50, pp.24~62 (1980)
  93. "Archeologia", 1966, 28~35
  94. "Bulletin de l’IFAN, Série B", 1968, 10~38
  95. Mauny, R, "Essai sur l’histoire de métaux en Afrique occidentale", Bulletin de l’Institut Français de l’Afrique Noir, 14(2), pp.545~595 (1952)
  96. McIntosh, R., "Current Directions in West African Prehistory", Annual Review of Anthropology, 12, pp.215~258 (1983)
  97. Miller, D. E., "Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa : A Review of Recent Research", Journal of African History, 35(1), pp.1~36 (1994)
  98. Miller, D. E., "Metal Working in the Northern Lowveld, South Africa AD 1000–1890", Journal of Field Archaeology, 28(3–4), pp.3~4 (2001)
  99. Paris, F., "Les débuts de la métallurgie au Niger septentrional(Aïr, Azawagh, Ighazer, Termit)", Journal de la Société des Africanistes, 62, pp.55~68 (1992)
  100. Plug, I., "Animal Remains from Industrial Iron Age Communities in Phalaborwa, South Africa", African Archaeological Review, 16(3), pp.155~184 (1999)
  101. Posnansky, M., "New Radiocarbon Dates for Northern and Western Africa", Journal of African History, 17(2), pp.161~195 (1976)
  102. Rehren, T, "Meroe, Iron and Africa", Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V. (MittSAG), 12, pp.102~109 (2001)
  103. Rickard, T. A, "The Primitive Smelting of Iron", American Journal of Archaeology, 43(1), pp.85~101 (1939)
  104. Schmidt, P. R., "Complex Iron Smelting and Prehistoric Culture in Tanzania", Science, 201, pp.1085~1089 (1978)
  105. Trigger, B. G, "The Myth of Meroe and the African Iron Age", International Journal of African Historical Studies, 2, pp.23~50 (1969)
  106. Tylecote, R. F, "The Origins of Iron-Smelting in Africa", West African Journal of Archaeology, 5, pp.1~9 (1975)
  107. Van der Merwe, N., "Pathways to Steel", American Scientist, 70, pp.146~155 (1982)
  108. Vansina, J, "Historians, Are Archaeologists Your Siblings?", History in Africa, 22, pp.369~408 (1995)
  109. Vansina, J., "Linguistic Evidence for the Introduction of Ironworking into Bantu-Speaking Africa", History in Africa, 33, pp.321~361 (2006)
  110. Yacovone, D., "Editor’s Introduction (Special issue, Race & Slavery)", Massachusetts Historical Review, 4, pp.i~iii (2002)
  111. Zangato, E., "On The Iron Front : New Evidence From Central Africa", Journal of African Archaeology, 8, pp.7~23 (2010)
  112. "Africans still seething over Sarkozy speech" (2007)[URL]
  113. "Racism row as French doctors suggest virus vaccine test in Africa" (2020)[URL]

관련 논문AI추천

철 기술 전파로 본 사하라 무역로의 역할과 지중해와 서아프리카 수단 지역 문명의 교류김광수지중해지역원 · 지중해지역연구2019 · 제21권 제4호아프리카중심주의(Afrocentrism) 시각에서 본 서아프리카 수단 지역 문명의 정체성 연구 : 가나 왕국과 말리 왕국의 대장장이 정체성을 중심으로김광수한국아프리카학회 · 한국아프리카 학회지2021 · 제62권 제철산업의 중심 중원에서 고대 제철기술을 탐구하다도의철, 석제섭, 이은우, 장민성국립문화유산연구원 · 헤리티지:역사와 과학2015 · 제48권 제1호제철유물 금속분석의 고고학적 해석 및 활용방안 연구김권일, 이남규한국대학박물관협회 · 고문화2016 · 제88호조선시대 철장(鐵場)의 운영과 제철(製鐵)기술에 대한 문헌적 검토정해득한국중세고고학회 · 한국중세고고학2020 · 제7호조선시대 석축형제철로의 기원과 성격 재검토최영민한국중세고고학회 · 한국중세고고학2019 · 제6호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (5건)

모잠비크 여성단체의 역할에 관한 연구왕선애pp. 45-80한국 ICT 기업의 동북부 아프리카 주요국 진출에 대한 연구: ICT 기업의 관점을 중심으로이진상pp. 83-112중부 지중해지역의 이슬람 ‘소수자-되기’에 관한 연구임기대pp. 116-144아프리카 인류학의 지식 생산 담론:영국 구조주의에 대한 마페제(Mafeje, A.)의 인식론을 중심으로장용규pp. 147-174말리공화국 도곤족 조각상의 의미와 상징에 관한 세계관적 접근장훈태pp. 177-206
원문 보기