철 기술 전파로 본 사하라 무역로의 역할과 지중해와 서아프리카 수단 지역 문명의 교류
The Role of Trans-Saharan Trade Route Through Iron Technology Diffusion and the Relationship Between the Mediterranean ans Western Sudan Area Civilization
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Although recorded data and archaeological excavations are not sufficient, the West African Sudanese region had early contacts with the Mediterranean, North African, and Sahara deserts through Greek, Latin, Arabic historical records and ancient Saharan rock art. In addition, access to camels made it possible for the Sahara trade routes to develop and for the three civilizations to develop exchange. The iron technology that was introduced into the Mediterranean and North Africa appears to have been transmitted through the Trans- Saharan trade routes to the Western Sudan. The Phoenicians brought iron knowledge to North Africa, especially to today’s Tunisia and Libya, passing through Carthage the “passage of knowledge” crossing over the Sahara Desert to the Western Sudan.Those who brought iron technology to the Western Sudan region were the Garamantes and Berbers who traveled through the Trans-Saharan Trade Route. They were able to deliver iron technology since the Trans-Saharan trade routes connected the Mediterranean, North Africa and Western Sudan regions. These areas were not isolated but were connected and carrying out exchanges. Hence, this paper refutes the argument that claims ‘Africa has no history’ or ‘African history is excluded from the center of world history.’ It also seeks to identify from the Afrocentrism perspective that the North African and Western Sudan civilization were not on the periphery of the Mediterranean civilization and they should be duly evaluated as an African civilization and even as a part of world civilization.
Abstract
Although recorded data and archaeological excavations are not sufficient, the West African Sudanese region had early contacts with the Mediterranean, North African, and Sahara deserts through Greek, Latin, Arabic historical records and ancient Saharan rock art. In addition, access to camels made it possible for the Sahara trade routes to develop and for the three civilizations to develop exchange. The iron technology that was introduced into the Mediterranean and North Africa appears to have been transmitted through the Trans- Saharan trade routes to the Western Sudan. The Phoenicians brought iron knowledge to North Africa, especially to today’s Tunisia and Libya, passing through Carthage the “passage of knowledge” crossing over the Sahara Desert to the Western Sudan.Those who brought iron technology to the Western Sudan region were the Garamantes and Berbers who traveled through the Trans-Saharan Trade Route. They were able to deliver iron technology since the Trans-Saharan trade routes connected the Mediterranean, North Africa and Western Sudan regions. These areas were not isolated but were connected and carrying out exchanges. Hence, this paper refutes the argument that claims ‘Africa has no history’ or ‘African history is excluded from the center of world history.’ It also seeks to identify from the Afrocentrism perspective that the North African and Western Sudan civilization were not on the periphery of the Mediterranean civilization and they should be duly evaluated as an African civilization and even as a part of world civilization.
참고문헌 (79)
- 김윤진, "서아프리카 역사 이해" (2013), 다해
- Bernal, M., "블랙 아테나2: 고고학 및 문헌증거: 서양고전 문명의 아프리카⋅아시아적 뿌리" (2012), 소나무
- Bernal, M., "블랙 아테나 : 서양고전 문명의 아프리카⋅아시아적 뿌리 : 제1권 날조된 고 대 그리스, 1785-1985" (2006), 소나무
- Bernal, M, "Black Athena : The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization(The Fabrication of Ancient Greece 1785-1985, v. 1)" (1987), Rutgers University Press
- Bernal, M., "Black Athena: The Archaeological and Documentary Evidence v. 2: Afro-Asiatic Roots of Classical Civilization)" (1991), Rutgers University Press
- Bocoum, H, "The Origins of Iron Metallurgy in Africa. New Light on its Antiquity: West and Central Africa", pp.21~28 (2004), UNESCO
- Bocoum, H, "Origins of Iron Metallurgy in Africa. New Light on its Antiquity: West and Central Africa", pp.97~108 (2004), UNESCO
- Childs, S. T., "African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction", pp.276~300 (2005), Blackwell
- Childs, S. Terry, "Encyclopaedia of The History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures vol. 4 M-P", pp.3098~3103 (2016), Springer Reference
- Chirikure, Shadreck, "Metals in Past Societies: A Global Perspective on Indigenous African Metallurgy" (2015), Springer
- Clark, J. D., "The Prehistory of Africa" (1969), Thames and Hudson
- Cline, W. W., "Mining and Metallurgy in Negro Africa (General Series in Anthropology 5)" (1937), George Banta
- Connah, G., "Three Thousand Years in Africa : Man and His Environment in the Lake Chad Region of Nigeria" (1981), Cambridge University Press
- Crowder, Michael, "A History of West Africa: A.D. 1000 to the Present" (1979), Longman
- Darling, P, "The World of Iron", pp.156~167 (2013), Archetype
- Ehret, C., "The Civilizations of Africa : A History to 1800" (2002), University Press of Virginia
- Eze-Uzomaka, P, "The World of Iron", pp.3~9 (2013), Archetype
- Hawkes, J., "Prehistory and the Beginnings of Civilization" (1963), Allen and Unwin
- Hopkins, A. G., "An Economic History of West Africa" (1973), Longman
- Hrbek, I., "General history of Africa III : Africa from The Eeventh to The Eleventh Century" (1999), UNESCO
- Hull, Richard W., "African Cities and Towns before the European Conquest" (1977), W. W. Norton & Company
- Hunwick, John O., "West Africa, Islam, and the Arab World: Studies in Honor of Basil Davidson" (2010), Markus Wiener Publishers
- Jackson, J., "Introduction to African civilizations" (2001), University Books
- Jemkur, J. F, "The Origins of Iron Metallurgy in Africa. New Light on its Antiquity: West and Central Africa", pp.33~42 (2004), UNESCO
- Kense, F. J, "Daboya : A Gonja Frontier", Ph.D., pp.1981
- Kense, F. J, "African Iron Working: Ancient and Traditional", pp.11~27 (1985), Nonvegian University Press
- Klein-Arendt, Reinhard, "Die traditionellen Eisenhandwerke der Savanna- Bantu: Eine sprachhistorische Rekonstruktion auf lexicalischer Grundlage" (2004), Peter Lang
- Konczacki, M., "An Economic History of Tropical Africa, Vol. 1: The Pre-Colonial Period" (1977), Frank Cass
- Levtzion, Nehemia, "Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History" (2000), Markus Wiener Publishers
- Levtzion, Nehemia, "Medieval West Africa" (2010), Markus Wiener Publishers
- Mauny, R, "Les siècles obscurs de l’Afrique noire. Histoire et archéologie" (1971), Edité par Fayard
- Mauny, R, "Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 2", pp.272~341 (1978), Cambridge University Press
- McKissack, P., "The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa" (1995), Henry Holt and Company
- Ogundele, O. S., "Rethinking West African Archaeology" (2004), John Archers Ltd
- Oliver, Roland, "Africa in the Iron Age: c.500 B.C. to A.D. 1400" (1975), Cambridge University Press
- Phillipson, D. W., "African Archaeology" (1985), Cambridge University Press
- Posnansky, M, "Ancient Civilizations of Africa", pp.533~550 (1981), UNESCO General History of Africa II
- Scheel, B., "Egyptian Metalworking and Tools" (1989), Shire Publications
- Schmidt, Peter R, "The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production", pp.1~28 (1996), University Press of Florida
- Shaw, C. T., "Nigeria: Its Archaeology and Early History" (1978), Thames and Hudson
- Shaw, C. T, "UNESCO General History of Africa, vol. 1. Methodology and African Prehistory", pp.264~274 (1981), UNESCO
- Shinnie, P. L., "Meroe : A Civilization of the Sudan" (1967), Thames and Hudson
- Shinnie, P. L., "The African Iron Age" (1971), Clarendon Press
- Smith, K., "North of the Limpopo: Africa since 1800" (1800), University of South Africa
- Swanson, John Theodore, "The Not-Yet-Golden Trade: Contact And Commerce Between North Africa And The Sudan, To The Eleventh Century", Ph.D., pp.1978
- Van der Menve, N, "The Coming of the Age of Iron", pp.463~506 (1980), Yale University Press
- Wright, John., "The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade" (2007), Routledge
- 김광수, "아프리카 중심주의(Afrocentrism): 아프리카학의 새로운 연구방법론", 아프리카 硏究, (21), pp.55~78 (2007), 한국외국어대학교 아프리카연구소
- 김광수, "에티오피아 악숨 문명의 정체성 : 아프리카 중심주의적 시각(Afrocentric perspective)에서", 한국아프리카 학회지, 37(1), pp.75~122 (2012), 한국아프리카학회
- 김광수, "아프리카중심주의(Afrocentrism) 시각에서 바라본 범아프리카주의(Pan-Africanism)의 역사적 맥락화 : 남아프리카공화국의 아프리카 르네상스를 중심으로", 외국학연구, (35), pp.383~418 (2016), 외국학연구소[DOI]
- 김광수, "사하라 무역로와 서아프리카 수단 지역 문명의 발전", 한국아프리카 학회지, 56(1), pp.47~88 (2019), 한국아프리카학회[DOI]
- Alpern, Stanley B, "Did They or Didn’t They Invent it?: Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa", History in Africa, 31, pp.41~94 (2005)
- Arkell, J, "The Iron Age of Sudan", Current Anthropolog, 7(4), pp.451~452 (1966)
- Calvocoressi, D., "A New Survey of Radiocarbon and Thermoluminescence Dates for West Africa", Journal of African History, pp.1~29 (1979)
- Chami, Felix A, "Diffusion in The Studies of The African Past: Reflections From New Archaeological Findings", African Archaeological Review, 24, pp.1~14 (2007)
- Fagan, B. M, "Radiocarbon Dates for Sub-Saharan Africa", Journal of African History, 8, pp.513~527 (1967)
- Fagan, B. M, "Radiocarbon Dates for Sub-Saharan Africa", Journal of African History, 10, pp.495~506 (1969)
- Gavua, Kodzo, "Alternative Site Conservation Strategies in Ghana: The Adome Ancient Ironworking Site", Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 13(2-3), pp.212~230 (2011)
- Huard, P, "Contribution à l’étude du fer et du chameau au Sahara occidental, I", Bulletin de l’IFAN Serie B, 22(1-2), pp.134~178 (1960)
- Lambert, Nicole, "Les industries sur cuivre dans l’ouest saharien", West African Journal of Archaeology, 1, pp.9~21 (1971)
- LaViolette, A, "Reviewed Work: The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production by Peter R. Schmidt", Ethnohistory, 44(4), pp.743~745 (1997)
- Law, R. C. C, "The Garamantes and Trans-Saharan Enterprise in Classical Times", The Journal of African History, 8(2), pp.181~200 (1967)
- Leclant, J, "Le fer dans l’Égypte ancienne, le Soudan et l’Afrique", Annales de l’Est (Nancy), 16, pp.83~91 (1956)
- Levtzion, Nehemia, "Ibn-Hawqal, the Cheque, and Awdaghost", The Journal of African History, 9(2), pp.223~233 (1968)
- Mauny, R, "Essai sur l’histoire de métaux en Afrique occidentale", Bulletin de l’Institut Français de l’Afrique Noir, 14(2), pp.545~595 (1952)
- McIntosh, R., "Current Directions in West African Prehistory", Annual Review of Anthropology, 12, pp.215~258 (1983)
- Miller, D. E., "Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research", Journal of African History, 35(1), pp.1~36 (1994)
- Parker, G. W, "The African Origin of the Grecian Civilization", The Journal of Negro History, 2(3), pp.334~344 (1917)
- Phillipson, D. W, "Notes on Later Prehistoric Radiocarbon Chronology of Eastern and South Africa", Journal of African History, 11, pp.1~15 (1970)
- Posnansky, M., "New Radiocarbon Dates for Northern and Western Africa", Journal of African History, 17(1), pp.161~195 (1976)
- Shaw, C. T, "On Radiocarbon Chronology of Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa", Current Anthropology, 10, pp.226~231 (1969)
- Trigger, B. G, "The Myth of Meroe and the African Iron Age", International Journal of African Historical Studies, 2, pp.23~50 (1969)
- Tylecote, R. F, "The Origins of Iron-Smelting in Africa", West African Journal of Archaeology, 5, pp.1~9 (1975)
- Tylecote, R. F, "Iron Smelting at Taruga, Nigeria", Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society, 9(2), pp.49~56 (1975)
- Van der Merwe, N., "Pathways to Steel", American Scientist, 70, pp.146~155 (1982)
- Vansina, J, "Linguistic Evidence for the Introduction of Ironworking into Bantu-Speaking Africa", History in Africa, 33, pp.321~361 (2006)
- "한국 브리태니커 온라인"[URL]
- "한국 브리태니커 온라인"[URL]
- "There is no history in Africa"[URL]