에티오피아의 종족 간 역학과 사회·문화적 혼종성: 즈와이 타운에 대한 민족지적 사례 연구
The Dynamics and Sociocultural Hybridity among Ethnic Groups in Ethiopia: An Ethnographic Case Study of Zway Town
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이 글은 본 연구자가 2015년 1월 15일부터 2월 8일까지 오로미아 주의 즈와이 타운에서 실시한 현지조사를 통해 수집한 자료에 근거하여, 에티오피아의 종족 간 역학과 사회·문화적 혼종성을 검토하는 데 목적이 있다. 즈와이 타운에는 지배 종족인 오로모족을 비롯하여 다양한 종족이 섞여 살고 있다. 이로 인해 이들 간에는 개인적·집단적 수준의 상호 작용이 일상적으로 발생하고 있다. 상이한 종족 집단 간―특히 오로모족과 여타 종족―에는 여러 가지 이해관계를 둘러싼 갈등이 만연해 있다. 이러한 갈등 과정에서는 대규모 유혈 사태가 발생하기도 한다. 이런 가운데 대개의 사람들―특히 소수 종족 구성원들―은 종족 정체성을 유지하길 원한다. 그러나 급변하는 사회 환경으로 인해 그들의 바람은 한계에 직면하기 일쑤다. 다른 한편, 이 타운에서 광범하게 발견되는 종족 외혼은 긍정적 측면과 부정적 측면을 동시에 가지고 있다. 종족 외혼은 사회 통합이라는 긍정적 측면을 지니고 있다. 그러나 종족 외혼은 종족 연대를 약화시키고, 부모와 자식 간의 갈등을 유발하기도 한다. 즈와이 타운의 비오로모족 구성원들 중 상당수는 (비)자발적으로 오로모화를 선택했다. 그들은 이미 오로모화되었거나 오로모화되고 있다. 대개의 사람들이 종족 정체성을 유지하길 원한다는 사실을 감안하면, 이러한 현상은 아주 역설적으로 보인다. 그러나 그들에게 오로모화는 불가피한 생존 전략의 의미를 지닌다. 종족 외혼이 ‘사회적 혼종’의 성격을 지니고 있는 데 비해, 오로모화는 ‘문화적 혼종’의 성격을 띠고 있다. 이처럼 즈와이 타운에서는 종족 현상이 매우 복잡한 형태로 나타나고 있으며, 다양한 층위를 구성하고 있다. 이것은 우리가 종족 현상이나 종족 관계를 검토할 때, 개별 종족의 구성원들이 처해 있는 개인적·집단적 생존 조건을 면밀히 고려해야 함을 일깨워 준다. 세계화 시대라 불리는 21세기에 종족 현상이 더욱 두드러지고 있는 것은 매우 역설적으로 보이기도 한다. 그러나 세계화가 ‘획일성’과 ‘균질성’의 속성을 지니고 있다는 사실을 감안하면, 종족 현상은 ‘다양성’과 ‘특수성’의 속성을 지닌 지역화의 맥락에서 이해될 필요가 있다.
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the dynamics and sociocultural hybridity among ethnic groups in Ethiopia, focusing on the case of Zway town. The data used for this study were collected from my fieldwork, which was carried out between 15 January and 8 February of 2015 in Zway town, Oromia Region. Zway is a town where diverse ethnic groups, including Oromo, are living together. As a result, interaction among them are daily happening at both the individual and collective levels. Conflicts among different ethnic groups―especially, the Oromo and other ethnic groups―over diverse interests are widespread in the town. A large scale bloodshed has sometimes taken place in such a process. In the middle of such conflicts and situations, most people―in particular, members of minority ethnic groups―want to maintain their own ethnic identity. This aspiration, however, is often faced with limitations due to rapidly changing social environments. On the other hand, ethnic intermarriage broadly found in the town has both positive and negative aspects. Ethnic intermarriage is positive in that it contributes to social integration. However, ethnic intermarriage weakens ethnic bond and causes conflicts between parents and their children. Many members of non-Oromo ethnic groups have chosen Oromonization either voluntary or involuntary. They were already Oromonized or are being Oromonized. This phenomenon seems to be quite paradoxical, given that most people want to keep their own ethnic identity. However, for them Oromonization has the meaning of an inescapable survival strategy. Ethnic intermarriage has the character of social hybridity, while Oromonization takes on the character of cultural hybridity. The ethnic phenomenon in Zway is very complicated and forms diverse layers. This implies that we have to scrupulously consider individual and collective conditions of existence when we examine ethnic phenomena or ethnic relations.
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