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지역민의 구술을 통해 본 부패와 빈곤 현상: 에티오피아 타운들의 사례

The Phenomenon of Corruption and Poverty through Local People’s Voices: A Case of Ethiopian Towns

설병수
한국아프리카학회 (Korean Association Of African Studies)|2016.06|한국아프리카 학회지 (Journal of the Korean Association of African Studies)|제47권 제1호|pp. 39-84

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참고문헌

키워드

빈곤povertycorruption부패Ethiopia에티오피아데라메키즈와이티그레이 인민해방전선DeraMekiZwayTigray People’s Liberation Front
주제분류학제간연구

초록

이 글의 목적은 필자가 에티오피아 오로미아 주의 데라, 메키 및 즈와이에서 수집한 현지조사 자료를 토대로, 부패가 지역민의 삶에 어떤 영향을 미쳐 왔는지를 검토하는 데 있다. 에티오피아의 부패 현상은 역사적 과정 속에서 배태된 정치・경제적 요인 및 사회・문화적 요인에 의해 구조화되었다. 지난 20여 년간 집권했던 멜레스 정권은 민주주의에 대한 국민의 열망을 무시한 채 정치적 부패를 일삼고, ‘정실 자본주의’ 틀 내에서 국부를 나누어 먹었다. 이러한 정치・경제적 부패의 핵심 세력은 티그레이 인민해방전선이다. 현재 에티오피아 사회에서는 부패로 인한 ‘국가 포획’ 현상이 광범하게 나타나고 있다. 국가 포획 과정에서는 극소수의 이익을 위해 절대다수가 피해를 입게 된다. 최대 피해자는 가난한 사람들이다. 지역 수준에서의 부패는 주로 관리들에 의해 자행된다. 그들의 부패는 지역 공동체를 총체적으로 피폐하게 만든다. 부패는 공동체의 발전과 교육 환경 개선을 저해하는 장애물이다. 지역민은 부패를 ‘질병’ 혹은 ‘그릇된 규범’이라고 인식하고 있다. 대개의 지역민은 부패 근절의 가능성에 대해 상당히 회의적인 반응을 보인다. 부패로 인해 절대다수의 지역민은 빈곤에 시달리고 있다. 그들은 최소한의 의식주를 해결하고, 기본적인 공공 서비스를 받는 데도 상당한 어려움을 겪는다. 부패 문제가 해소되지 않는 한, 그들의 고단한 삶은 개선의 여지가 거의 없어 보인다. 에티오피아의 부패와 빈곤은 여러 요인이 복합적으로 작용한 결과이기 때문에 그 해결책도 총체적이어야 한다. 즉, 에티오피아가 부패와 빈곤의 늪에서 벗어나기 위해서는 정치・경제・사회・문화 전반에 걸쳐 ‘국가 개조’ 수준의 대대적인 개혁이 필요하다.

Abstract

This paper aims to examine how corruption has affected local people’s lives, based upon the primary data which were collected through my fieldwork in Dera, Meki and Zway, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The phenomenon of corruption in Ethiopia has been structured by politico- economic and sociocultural factors which have originated from the historical process. Over the last two decades, the Meles regime had indulged in political corruption and shared national wealth within the frame of crony capitalism, disregarding the people’s aspirations for democracy. The core force, which commits such political and economic corruption, is the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF). At present, the phenomenon of state capture resulted from corruption is widely found in Ethiopian society. In the process of state capture, an absolute majority of people suffer serious damage for few people’s interests. The biggest victims are poor people. Corruption at the local level is committed by public officials. Their corruption totally devastates local communities. Local people regard corruption as a disease or wrong norm. It seems that the majority of local people are very skeptical of the possibility of rooting out corruption. Almost all local people are suffering from poverty due to corruption. They are experiencing many difficulties in preparing food, clothing and shelter, and getting basic public services such as education and health. As long as the problem of corruption is not solved, their hard lives will never be improved. Since corruption and poverty in Ethiopia are the result of a complex combination of diverse factors, their solutions should be also holistic. That is, it is required for Ethiopia to carry out extensive reforms at the national level, so as to escape from the snares of corruption and poverty.

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