쿠쉬어 통사관계 표시의 유형적 특성, 시다마어를 중심으로
Typological characteristic of marking syntactic relation of Cushitic, with particular reference to Sidaama
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참고문헌
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초록
아프로-아시어 어족에 속하는 쿠쉬어는 중심선행 유형인 고대 이집트어, 베르베르, 셈어와 달리 중심 후행 패턴을 보인다. 절의 어순은 SOV이며 명사구에서는 이 원칙을 벗어나는 다양한 변이가 나타나긴 하지만 부치사구에서는 후치사구조를 보인다. 중심후행 패턴언어들이 격표시를 주로 하고 있고, 나일-사하라 북부어들처럼 동사 연결(converb, coverb)이 나타나 술어부를 구성하기도 한다. 이 논문에서는 격할당 패턴이 대격패턴과 유표 주격패턴으로 나뉘는 것을 케만트네와 다세네치 같은 언어들을 바탕으로 살펴보았고, 더욱이 동부 고지 쿠쉬어인 시다마어의 유형적 특성을 남부 다토가를 비롯한 다양한 언어들과 상호비교 하였다. 셈어 유입과 인근 나일-사하라어들, 그리고 오모어와 수르마 및 토착 잔류어들의 영향으로 기본적 유형패턴의 다양성과 변이들을 개개 언어들을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 지리적 분포와 역사적 발전과정, 그리고 인근 언어들과의 접촉 양상을 이해한다면 이같은 유형 다양성의 원인까지 설명될 수 있음을 암시하였다.
Abstract
In contrast to head-initial type of the three groups of Afro-asiatic, namely Berber, Old Egyptian and Semitic, the remaining two groups, Cushitic and Omotic show the relative stable typological pattern of head-final construction. So at level of clause the transitive sentence shows SOxV with postpositional phrase if the adjunct phrases are realized as adposition instead of peripheral concrete cases. As typological literatures point out, the order modifier and its head noun in noun phrase seems to be less consistent with the order of head and dependent. According to the basic concepts of constituents order and the notions of head and dependents, Cushitic can be described and further compared each other, how they follow the general principle of typological ordering in one hand and also morphological marking in other. For example there are many languages like Somali, Arbore, Elmolo, Alagwa, Burunge and Sidaada which recruit the head-marking strategy for encoding the subject function in addition to the nominative case marking. There is one language, namely Rendille among our Cushitic sample, which has neither case marker nor pronominal agreement marker at verb. What is more idiosyncratic phenomenon which are out of basic concept of head vs. dependent, is the use of the so called "selector", which is composed of subject nominal category like person and of verbal one like aspect, polarity, mood. The 'selector' is neither head of the clause, nor dependent. In this respect we can conclude that this construction can be regarded as one of peculiar types of African languages. In this line we introduced further unique phenomena like converb construction with switching reference marking which distinguish the same subject or the different subject in clause chaining constructions. The last peculiar typological feature of Cushitic is the so-called marked nominative or extended ergative pattern which is mostly spread over the area including north-eastern branches of Nilo-Saharan. Probably this unique marking of nominative in the subject of intransitive clause and also in the subject of transitive clause leaving the object of transitive (P) as unmarked argument, it comes from the process of declining the extensive cases of canonical dependant marking type. In the case of Kemantney, which is endangered minority group surrounded by the larger Ethiopia-Semitic Amharic, has an accusative case assignment pattern. In marked nominative system, the unmarked accusative has more functions than the nominative, for example for subject before verb, nominal predicate in copula clause, and so on. This means many case forms for these functions are eroded in form, and the unmarked accusative, that's why we call now absolutive, takes these functions. In comparing with the neighboring Nilo-Saharan, more concretely the Nilotic and Surmic, we could be able to explain the origin and the development of this peculiar alignment system, which will be the topic of future research, even though there are already some hypothesis on this problem are available.
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