나일어의 유형적 특징, 분기와 접촉현상을 고려하여
Typological Characteristics of Nilotic Languages with Reference to the Phenomenon of Divergence and Language Contact
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
There are two main objects in studying the African languages typologically. According to the Greenberg(1963a) we are searching for the universals of human language comparing the structure of genetically unrelated languages. In this line we are also searching for the diversities of the grammatical structures which do not violate the limit of the linguistic structure. Secondly we do study the language structure in order to know the relationship with other neighboring languages. Nilotic languages, which belong to the Nilo-Saharan language family, have been least studied because of the difficulties of access in the area where they are spoken. In this article I tried to characterize the main features of the structure typologically. I divided them into three parts, namely the phonological, morphological and syntactic properties. I found many interesting features, like whispered, breathy and creaky voices, which are contrasted to differentiate lexical meaning and also the grammatical functions like number category. ATR feature functions to harmonize the vowel within word. Within consonant system I found that Nilotics lack fricative sound completely, and if there is any, it is /h/ or /s/. To mark the grammatical relationship within clause, most Nilotic utilize three main strategies, namely word order, case marking and subject, object pronominal agreement marking on verb. There are, however some varieties according to the constituents-order. Western Nilotic language like Dinke, Shilluk have basically OVS order, however in determining the order it seems that the discourse pragmatic factors like topicalization play more important role. Case marking is represented not by affixes as we know often, but by non-linear elements like tone or voicing features. At the end, we tried to explain why Luo or Datooga, so called languages in periphery have in some sense the deviated features like word order or tense system. In conclusion, we come to consider the influences from neighboring languages like Bantu, Central Sudanic or Cushitic. Due to the contact, the grammatical structure can be changed drastically.
Abstract
There are two main objects in studying the African languages typologically. According to the Greenberg(1963a) we are searching for the universals of human language comparing the structure of genetically unrelated languages. In this line we are also searching for the diversities of the grammatical structures which do not violate the limit of the linguistic structure. Secondly we do study the language structure in order to know the relationship with other neighboring languages. Nilotic languages, which belong to the Nilo-Saharan language family, have been least studied because of the difficulties of access in the area where they are spoken. In this article I tried to characterize the main features of the structure typologically. I divided them into three parts, namely the phonological, morphological and syntactic properties. I found many interesting features, like whispered, breathy and creaky voices, which are contrasted to differentiate lexical meaning and also the grammatical functions like number category. ATR feature functions to harmonize the vowel within word. Within consonant system I found that Nilotics lack fricative sound completely, and if there is any, it is /h/ or /s/. To mark the grammatical relationship within clause, most Nilotic utilize three main strategies, namely word order, case marking and subject, object pronominal agreement marking on verb. There are, however some varieties according to the constituents-order. Western Nilotic language like Dinke, Shilluk have basically OVS order, however in determining the order it seems that the discourse pragmatic factors like topicalization play more important role. Case marking is represented not by affixes as we know often, but by non-linear elements like tone or voicing features. At the end, we tried to explain why Luo or Datooga, so called languages in periphery have in some sense the deviated features like word order or tense system. In conclusion, we come to consider the influences from neighboring languages like Bantu, Central Sudanic or Cushitic. Due to the contact, the grammatical structure can be changed drastically.
참고문헌 (61)
- 권명식, "대서양어 연구, 언어분류 및 구조 비교 분석", 한국 아프리카 학회지, 13, pp.241~269 (2001)
- 권명식, "서-아프리카 꾸아(Kwa)어 연구, 언어분류 및 언어구조 비교", 한국아프리카 학회지, 14, pp.235~264 (2001)
- 권명식, "아프리카어 연구 입문, 계통분류 및 구조 비교 분석" (2004), 한국외대 출판부
- 권명식, "남부 아프리카 코이산어 연구: 분포, 언어 상황, 언어계통 분류와 언어 구조적 특징", 한국아프리카 학회지, 22(1), pp.3~36 (2005), 한국아프리카학회
- 권명식, "아프리카어 비교 연구의 방법과 의의, 에베어와 스와힐리어순 유형비교를 중심으로", 아프리카 연구, 20, pp.3~60 (2006)
- 권명식, "범주화의 불안정성, 스와힐리어의 U-부류를 중심으로", 한국아프리카학회 학회지, 26, pp.3~44 (2007)
- 권명식, "아프리카 제어에 나타난 성(Gender) 범주의 유형학적 비교:스와힐리어의 명사 부류체계를 중심으로", 아프리카 연구, 23, pp.3~42 (2008)
- 권명식, "보편적 의미역 설정의 문제점, 스와힐리어 술어와 참여자 사이의 관계를 중심으로", 한국아프리카 학회지, 30(1), pp.3~30 (2009), 한국아프리카학회
- 권명식, "범주지위의 비대칭과 주변성; 와힐리어의 {pa-, ku-, mu-} 부류를 중심으로", 한국아프리카 학회지, 32(1), pp.3~32 (2010), 한국아프리카학회
- Andersen, T., "Ergativity in Päri, a Nilotic OVS language", Lingua, 75, pp.287~324 (1988)
- Andersen, T., "Case inflection and nominal head marking in Dinka", Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, 23, pp.1~30 (2002)
- Bender, L., "Nilo-Saharan", pp.43~73 (2008)
- Blake, B., "Case" (1994), Cambridge University Press
- Blench R., "Classification of Gumuz and Koman Languages", presented at the Language isolates in Africa workshop (2010)
- Clements, G. N., "Phonology", pp.123~160 (2000)
- Comrie, B., "Language universals and linguistic typology(2nd edition)" (1989), University of Chicago Press
- Crazzolara, J. P., "Outlines of a Nuer Grammar" (1933), Verlag der Internationalen Zeitschrift Anthropos
- Crazzolara, J. P., "A Study of the Acooli Language" (1955), Oxford University Press
- Crazzolara, J. P., "A Study of the Polot(Suk) Language" (1978), Editrice Missionalria Italiana
- Creissels, D., "A typology of Subject and Object markers in African languages", pp.43~70 (2005)
- Creider, C., "A Grammar of Nandi" (1989), Helmut Buske
- Croft, W., "Typology and Universals.(2nd edition)" (2003), Cambridge University Press
- Cysouw, M., "Nilotic", 석사, pp.1998
- Dimmendaal, G., "The Turkana Language" (1983), Foris Publications
- Dimmendaal, G., "Languge shift and morphological convergence in the Nilotic area", Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, 16, pp.17 (2001), 83~124
- Dimmendaal, G., "Constraining disharmony in Nilotic: What does an optimal system look like?", Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, 23, pp.153~181 (2002)
- Dimmendaal, G., "Head marking, dependent marking and constituent order in the Nilotic area", pp.71~92 (2005)
- Dimmendaal, G., "Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages" (2011), John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Dimmendaal, G., "Coding Participant Marking, Construction types in twelve African languages" (2009), John Benjamins
- Ehret, C., "A Historical-Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan" (2001), Rüdiger Köppe
- Morphophonemic orthographies in Fusional languages, the cases of Dinka and Shilluk, "Gilley, L.", Institute of African and Asian Studies, University of Khartoum, & SIL International, ~ (2004)
- Greenberg. J. H., "The Language of Africa" (1963), Mouton
- Greenberg. J. H., "Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements", pp.73~112 (1963), MIT Press
- Gregersen, E., "Language in Africa: An Introductory survey" (1977), Gordon and Breach
- Grimes, J. E., "Ethnologue Language Family index" (1996), Summer Institute of Linguistics
- Haspelmath, "Language Typology and Language universals" (2001), Gruyter
- Heine, B., "A Typology of African Languages based on the Order of Meaningful Units" (1976), Dietrich Reimer
- Heine, B., "African Languages, an Introduction" (2000), Cambridge University Press
- Heine, B., "A Linguistic Geography of Africa" (2008), CUP
- Kiessling, R., "The 'marked nominative' in Datooga", Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, 28, pp.149~191 (2007)
- Köhler, O., "Geschichte der Erforschung der nilotischen Sprachen", Afrika und Übersee, ~ (1955)
- König, C., "Aspekt im Maa" (1993), Institut fur Afrikanistik
- König, C., "marked nominative languages of eastern Africa", pp.251~271 (2008)
- König, C., "Ik, the Kuliak language in Uganda", pp.141~172 (2009)
- Mallinson, G., "Language Typology" (1981), North-Holland
- Miller, C. L., "Evidence for Ergativity in Shilluk", Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, 22, pp.33~68 (2001)
- Nebel, P. A., "Dinka Grammar" (1948), Missioni Africane
- Nichols, J., "Head-marking and dependent marking grammar", Language, 62, pp.56~119 (1986)
- Payne, D., "Active, inverse and passive in Maasai, In Voice and Inversion", pp.283~316 (1994), John Benjamins
- Rottland, F., "Die Südnilotischen Sprachen" (1982), Dietrich Reimer
- Sapir, E., "Language: an Introduction to the Study of Speech" (1921), Hacourt, Brace and Company
- Schadeberg, T., "Die nilosaharanischen Sprachen, In Die Sprachen Afrikas", pp.263~328 (1981), Helmut Buske Verlang
- Song, J. J., "Linguistic Typology, Morphology and Syntax" (2001), Longman
- Storch, A., "Grammatical Change and Emblematic features in Western Nilotic", Selected proceedings of the 37th Annual conference on African Linguistics (2007), Cascsdilla Proceedings Project
- Toweett, T., "Kalenjin Linguistics" (1979), Kenya Literature Bureau
- Tucker, A. N., "A Maasai Grammar with Vocabulary" (1953), Longmans, Green and Co
- Tucker, A. N., "Linguistic Analyses of the Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa" (1966), Oxford University Press
- Voeltz, E., "Studies in African linguistic Typology" (2005), Benjamin
- Vossen, R., "The Eastern Nilotes: Linguistic and Historical Reconstructions" (1982), Dietrich Reimer
- Westermann, D., "A short Grammar of the Shilluk language" (1911), Dietrich Reimer Verlag
- Wheteley, W. H., "A practical introduction to Gusii" (1956), East African Literature Bureau