생태제국주의 관점에서 본 구아노 전쟁: 자원채굴과 근대자본의 관계를 중심으로
The Guano War from an Ecological Imperialist Perspective: Focusing on the Relationship between Resource Extraction and Modern Capital
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이 논문은 인류세나 자본세가 주장하는 위급성을 수용하고 생태제국주의적 시각에서 환경의 변화를 가져온 근대자본과 자원 채굴의 관계를 재고하기 위한 것이다. 구체적으로는 19세기 구아노 전쟁을 통해 자본-자원의 체제를 분석하여, ‘저렴한 자연’에 대한 착취를 통한 생태제국주의적 작동이 오늘날에도 지속되고 있음을 드러냄으로써 지구적 차원의 변화의 길을 모색하기 위함이다. 19세기 중반에 이루어진 대대적인 구아노 채굴 과정은 자본-권력에 의한 생태계의 파괴, 자원의 고갈, 노동착취, 주변부 국가들의 경제 종속성 심화, 영토의 확장과 태평양 제국의 등장 등 다종다양한 시좌를 제공한다. 또한 라틴아메리카 원주민의 전통 세계관, 가치관에서 자연과 어떻게 조화를 이뤘으며, 구아노로 대표되는 자원의 활용에 얼마나 신중을 기했는지 재조명하여 그들의 삶의 방식 속에서 현 지구 환경위기를 극복하는 지혜를 찾고자 한다.
Abstract
This paper aims to reconsider the relationship between modern capital and resource extraction that has brought about environmental change from an ecological imperialist perspective, embracing the urgency claimed by the Anthropocene or Capitalocene. Specifically, by analyzing the capital-resource system through the Guano War in the 19th century and revealing that ecological imperialism continues to operate through exploitation of ‘cheap nature’ today, it is intended to explore the path of change at the global level. The large-scale guano extraction process that took place in the mid-19th century in the mid-nineteenth century provides a variety of perspectives, including the destruction of ecosystems by capital-power, depletion of resources, exploitation of labor, deepening economic dependence of peripheral countries, territorial expansion, and the emergence of the Pacific empire. In addition, by reexamining the traditional worldview and values of indigenous peoples in Latin America, how they harmonized with nature and how carefully they utilized the resource represented by guano, this study hopes to find wisdom in their way of life to overcome the current global environmental crisis.
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