영국혁명기 올리버 크롬웰(Oliver Cromwell)의 스코틀랜드 인식
Oliver Cromwell’s Perspective on Scotland during the British Revolution
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영국혁명기 올리버 크롬웰(Oliver Cromwell)과 스코틀랜드인들의 관계는 복잡 미묘했다. 스코틀랜드의 정치적 주도권이 바뀜에 따라 크롬웰의 인식과 대응은 시시각각 달라졌다. 그러나 크롬웰이 스코틀랜드와 동맹관계를 유지할 때조차 그는 스코틀랜드에 결코 우호적이지 않았으며, 시종일관 위기의식을 느끼고 있었다. 1640년대 크롬웰은 스코틀랜드 언약파와의 지속적인 종교 갈등을 겪어왔다. 1641년 장기의회에서의 스코틀랜드 언약파의 장로교 도입 요구와 1643년 엄숙동맹과 언약에의 서명 요구에 대하여 크롬웰은 명백한 반감과 적의를 가지고 있었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 크롬웰은 위태로운 상황과 불안정한 자신의 입지로 인해 스코틀랜드와 불편한 동맹을 유지할 수밖에 없었다. 1640년대 말 국왕과 손을 잡은 스코틀랜드 약정파가 잉글랜드를 침공하자, 크롬웰은 이를 스코틀랜드에서의 위협의 가능성을 제거할 기회로 여겼다. 크롬웰이 프레스턴 전투에서 약정파를 궤멸시킴과 함께 양국 간의 동맹과 언약은 사실상 파기되었고, 이후 크롬웰은 전쟁의 명분 찾기에 돌입하였다. 1649년 스코틀랜드인들의 찰스 2세 옹립과 그들의 범장로교주의적 제국주의는 크롬웰에게 있어 명백한 정치·종교·군사적 위협이자 전쟁 선포로 받아들여졌다. 이에 따라 크롬웰은 1650-51년 던바전투와 우스터전투에서 스코틀랜드를 완전히 정복하였다. 그러나 정복 초기 네덜란드와의 전쟁과 이후 호국경체제의 정당화 및 안정화를 위해 크롬웰은 정복지에서의 반란을 최소화해야만 했다. 1650년대 크롬웰의 관용정책은 신교 형제국가에 대한 호의가 아닌, 잉글랜드가 처한 대내외적 위기로 인한 불가피한 선택이었다.
Abstract
This article deals with how Scotland was perceived by Oliver Cromwell, the most powerful leader of England during the War of Three Kingdoms. Cromwell’s perspective of Scotland shifted dramatically, as the position of Scottish governing bodies changed. Even though he was a very committed providentialist, he never liked the Scottish presbyterian system. Therefore, his attitude on the Scots was a result of political consideration not that of religious conviction. In the 1640s, Cromwell felt uneasy with Scottish religious imperialism towards England. In the early stage of the Solemn League and Covenant, Cromwell was initially reluctant to sign up.He did sign the document because the Covenanters were perceived as an political ally against the popish royalists. Disappointed with Cromwell’s reluctance to accept the Presbyterian system in England, the Scottish Engagers army invaded England in 1648. Cromwell defeated the Engagers at the Battle of Preston. However, the execution of Charles I made the Scots to prepare another invasion. Cromwell saw it as an opportunity to eliminate the threat from Scotland. He crossed the border in 1650, and conquered Scotland. Cromwell’s religious conviction did not go along with the Presbyterian system. The rule of Scotland by the Cromwellian regime, however, was more tolerant to the Scottish royalists and the rigid Presbyterians. Cromwell had to minimize the rebellion in Scotland in order to concentrate on the war against the Netherlands and to justify and stabilize the newly established Protectorate.
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