스탈린시대 여성 산업노동 동원에 관한 연구: ‘일하는 모성상’ 숭배
The Stalinist Mobilization of Industrial Women Workers : The Cult of ‘Working Mother’
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How did the Stalinism deal with the ‘women question’? The most striking change during 1928-1937 was the expansion of industrial unskilled women workers. Between 1929 and 1935 almost 4 million women became wage workers and 1.7million among them entered in the heavy industry. In the beginning of the second five-year plan, women industrial force increased to 6.9 million. This was the 82% of the total new industrial workers. In 1936 more than 8.4 million women workers were created, which accounted for 42% of total industrial force. Most of new women workers were very young, unskilled, and backward workers and took the lowest position in the workshops. Stalin recognized the advantageous effect of the cheap women worker force during the First Five-Year plan and implemented incessantly the drive for mobilization of women workers in the heavy industries. For this the soviet regime devised the image of the ‘great working women,’ ‘working mother,’ and developed various legislative, political, social and cultural campaigns. To make women workers rooted deeply into the factories, it invested massive resources for the technological, literacy and job education through night-programs after works. In 1936, 35% of women workers were registered in the rabfak, 43% belonged into the polytechnics and 40% entered the advanced educational organs. But the social services and facilities were tremendously short of the basic level. Because the regime gave up the initial promises of providing the social services for the working mothers, all the dual burdens of job and household labor pressed upon women’s shoulders. In 1933, Stalin abolished ‘the protection law’ of the early period of the Revolution and instead declared the principle of ‘the sexual equality of employment,’ At the same time in 1936 he decreed the ‘new marriage law,’ and ‘motherhood law’ These decrees made the divorce more difficult and emphasized the importances of marriage life and duties of parenthood. Because of the heavy labour women gave up pregnancies or chose abortions. The decrease of the rate of natality provided another crisis to the soviet regime. The Stalinist regime declared to accept only the registered marriage, and to admire the big family as patriotic and socialist value of behaviour. Young communist girls who did not want the pregnancies were to be blamed as ‘petty bourgeois.’ Stalin ordered to confer grand prizes and bonus to many child-bearing mothers. In 1935, Stalin emphasized the slogan of ‘happy and traditional family’ in order to secure the productivities through the stabilized home life. Stalin decreed that ‘the sons do not need to be responsible for the past of their fathers any more.’ Although the period of 1934-36 was that of the climax of the great terror, Stalin allowed the strictness of ideological alertness to be softened in the lower society for the sake of reviving the traditional patriarchical value. The Stalinist regime expanded propagandas of keeping promises of the socialist emancipation of women from the mass mobilization of labour. For this it invested large money to train women machine tractor drivers (Traktoristka) as the symbol of the mechanized kolkhozes, admired them as the shock workers with high wages. Another important strategy of cultural campaign was to confer honorable medals and names of ‘heroines’ to working women. In 1935 total 1,305 women workers were conferred medals by Stalin. The regime mobilized the house wives of high cadres and engineers in the industrial factories in the form of ‘Obshchestvennnitsa’(wife-activist movement) to drive working men’s wives for the more alerted care of their husbands of observing the submissive labour disciplines and higher productivities. In sum, the change in women’s position and role in the Stalinist industrialization was not the effect of the revolutionary plan for sexual emancipation of women, but the result of the new type of authoritarianism of the Stalinist regime, with gaining the effect of the massive influx of industrial unskilled women workers. The soviet regime gained the dual advantages of making women feel the beneficiaries of the regime and creating the shock-absorbing instrument by establishing the cult of ‘working mother.’ This revival of traditional value became one of the most important essences of Stalinism. This image of working mother contributed to the propaganda of the mother of saving country in the Second World War.
Abstract
How did the Stalinism deal with the ‘women question’? The most striking change during 1928-1937 was the expansion of industrial unskilled women workers. Between 1929 and 1935 almost 4 million women became wage workers and 1.7million among them entered in the heavy industry. In the beginning of the second five-year plan, women industrial force increased to 6.9 million. This was the 82% of the total new industrial workers. In 1936 more than 8.4 million women workers were created, which accounted for 42% of total industrial force. Most of new women workers were very young, unskilled, and backward workers and took the lowest position in the workshops. Stalin recognized the advantageous effect of the cheap women worker force during the First Five-Year plan and implemented incessantly the drive for mobilization of women workers in the heavy industries. For this the soviet regime devised the image of the ‘great working women,’ ‘working mother,’ and developed various legislative, political, social and cultural campaigns. To make women workers rooted deeply into the factories, it invested massive resources for the technological, literacy and job education through night-programs after works. In 1936, 35% of women workers were registered in the rabfak, 43% belonged into the polytechnics and 40% entered the advanced educational organs. But the social services and facilities were tremendously short of the basic level. Because the regime gave up the initial promises of providing the social services for the working mothers, all the dual burdens of job and household labor pressed upon women’s shoulders. In 1933, Stalin abolished ‘the protection law’ of the early period of the Revolution and instead declared the principle of ‘the sexual equality of employment,’ At the same time in 1936 he decreed the ‘new marriage law,’ and ‘motherhood law’ These decrees made the divorce more difficult and emphasized the importances of marriage life and duties of parenthood. Because of the heavy labour women gave up pregnancies or chose abortions. The decrease of the rate of natality provided another crisis to the soviet regime. The Stalinist regime declared to accept only the registered marriage, and to admire the big family as patriotic and socialist value of behaviour. Young communist girls who did not want the pregnancies were to be blamed as ‘petty bourgeois.’ Stalin ordered to confer grand prizes and bonus to many child-bearing mothers. In 1935, Stalin emphasized the slogan of ‘happy and traditional family’ in order to secure the productivities through the stabilized home life. Stalin decreed that ‘the sons do not need to be responsible for the past of their fathers any more.’ Although the period of 1934-36 was that of the climax of the great terror, Stalin allowed the strictness of ideological alertness to be softened in the lower society for the sake of reviving the traditional patriarchical value. The Stalinist regime expanded propagandas of keeping promises of the socialist emancipation of women from the mass mobilization of labour. For this it invested large money to train women machine tractor drivers (Traktoristka) as the symbol of the mechanized kolkhozes, admired them as the shock workers with high wages. Another important strategy of cultural campaign was to confer honorable medals and names of ‘heroines’ to working women. In 1935 total 1,305 women workers were conferred medals by Stalin. The regime mobilized the house wives of high cadres and engineers in the industrial factories in the form of ‘Obshchestvennnitsa’(wife-activist movement) to drive working men’s wives for the more alerted care of their husbands of observing the submissive labour disciplines and higher productivities. In sum, the change in women’s position and role in the Stalinist industrialization was not the effect of the revolutionary plan for sexual emancipation of women, but the result of the new type of authoritarianism of the Stalinist regime, with gaining the effect of the massive influx of industrial unskilled women workers. The soviet regime gained the dual advantages of making women feel the beneficiaries of the regime and creating the shock-absorbing instrument by establishing the cult of ‘working mother.’ This revival of traditional value became one of the most important essences of Stalinism. This image of working mother contributed to the propaganda of the mother of saving country in the Second World War.
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