결혼에 대한 메리 아스텔(1666-1731)의 비판적 고찰
Mary Astell(1666-1731)'s Critical Reflections on Marriage
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오늘날 메리 아스텔(Mary Astell)은 여성의 열악한 현실을 비판하고 여성대학을 주창한 선구적인 페미니스트로 유명하지만, 당시에는 국교회와 토리파를 지지하는 인물로도 잘 알려져 있었다. 이런 아스텔 사상의 상충되고 모순된 성격이 담긴 책이 바로 『결혼에 관한 고찰』(1700)이다. 이에 최근 연구자들은 이 책이 페미니즘 저작이라기보다는 휘그파와 계약론을 비판한 정치저작에 가깝다고 본다. 그러나 이 책을 정치서로 한정지어 평가하는 연구는 17세기 영국에서 정치와 종교 논쟁만큼이나 ‘여성논쟁’이 치열하게 벌어진 역사적 맥락을 놓침으로써, 아스텔이 남녀의 위계질서를 옹호한 보수주의자일 수밖에 없다고 단정 짓는다. 본고의 목적은 17세기 말 영국의 정치논쟁과 여성논쟁 속에서 『결혼에 관한 고찰』을 면밀히 검토하여 페미니즘 의식의 발전에서 아스텔의 기여를 재평가하는 것이다. 『결혼에 관한 고찰』에서 아스텔은 아내의 처지를 노예상태로 규정하고 남성과 여성의 지배종속 관계를 신랄히 비판한다. 이런 비판은 이중효과를 낳았는데, 하나는 계약론의 위선을 폭로한 것이고 다른 하나는 결혼의 실상을 고발한 것이다. 아스텔의 눈에는 계약론이건 결혼제도이건 남성에게는 자유와 절대 권력을, 여성에게는 억압과 절대 복종을 부여한다는 점에서 동전의 양면에 불과했다. 나아가 아스텔은 여성에게 불행한 결혼을 피하는 지혜를 알려 준다. 결혼을 신중하게 결정할 수 있도록 수준 높은 교육을 받으라고 조언하는 한편, 고등교육을 받아 결혼 말고 자립할 수 있는 더 높은 이상을 꿈꾸라고 넌지시 제안한다. 이처럼 아스텔의 결혼 비판은 여성옹호의 차원을 넘어 여성이 처한 현실을 문제 삼고, 내처 개선하려는 노력으로 나갔다는 점에서 근대 초 페미니즘의 진전된 면모를 보여준다.
Abstract
Mary Astell(1666-1731)'s Critical Reflections on Marriage Bae, Hye-Jeong [Abstract] At the beginning of eighteenth century, Astell asked, 'If all Men are born Free, how is it that all Women are born Slaves?' While she is a famous proto-feminist today, Astell was well-known as a pamphleteer for the Anglican Church and Tory in her time. It is her Reflections on marriage(1700) that contains her contradictory thoughts. The recent scholars have claimed that Astell's Reflections is a political work criticizing Whig contractrianism rather than a feminist work criticizing traditional marriage. But I think they failed to note that marriage and family were hotly disputed topics of public debate in Astell's time. My purpose is to revaluate Astell's contribution to the development of feminism, situating her Reflections in the contexts of the querelle de femmes and the political debate in her time. Astell regarded a marriage as a form of slavery in the Lockean sense. Her criticism is like killing two birds with one stone. One is to undermine contract theories of political right. The other is to expose the real condition of a marriage. Furthermore, Astell told women the wisdom of avoiding an unhappy marriage. Reading her message literally, she advises women to receive a higher education in order to choice a marriage seriously. Reading it deeply, she encourages women to receive a higher education and to have a higher purpose in life than to marry. Astell contributed to the advance of the proto-feminism, not merely by refuting misogynist points at their time, but also by recognising the inferior situation of women and arguing for the elevation of their status. (Pusan National University / imbaessi@daum.net)
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