唐代 自律的 孝實踐과 ‘奪情’

Abstract

Autonomous Filial Piety(孝) practice and Service in Mourning(奪情) during Tang(唐) age Kim, Kuk-jin 〔Abstract〕 The long division of the North and South Dynasties was ended by the Sui dynasty(隋代: AD 581-681), an united empire in China despite its short-term domination. It was then the Tang dynasty(唐朝: AD 618-907) that succeeded the Sui dynasty, and established imperial sovereignty over China with its legislations and cultures(典章制度), thereby the dynasty organized a complete ruling system. In order to create and develop the ruling system, 'Filial Piety' and 'Loyalty' were articulated as ideological core values to the medieval Chinese and Asian societies. What ethics were selected and emphasized in regard to 'Filial Piety' and 'Loyalty' in the Tang dynasty? How did this 'Filial Piety', which had been highlighted consecutively from the ancient times, settled in the Tang dynasty? During the overall reign of the Tang dynasty, which value was selected and weighed more between 'Filial Piety' and 'Loyalty' in case of value collision? In assumption that 'Filial Piety' was selected over 'Loyalty,' what were the points distinguished from the 'Loyalty' focused in the Period of North and South Dynasties? To answer the above question, this study reviewed the background of centering national emphasis on 'Filial Piety' mainly with the Tang legislations(唐律). In addition, the study also analyzed, on the basis of historical cases, how these 'Filial Piety' ethics were in effect from the emperor to the people; how they were encouraged, and how these ethics were applied to the public. The second verse reviewed the autonomous practices of filial ethics and the cases of Service in Mourning(奪情) based on appeals raised and imperial messages(勅文) bestowed during the Tang dynasty. Furthermore, this paper studied the 'Filial Piety' in the Tang dynasty based on Tang’s political situation and social atmosphere along with the cases of encouraging 'Filial Piety' at national level, in comparison with those of the Han dynasty(漢代) who put absolute emphasis on 'Loyalty' over 'Filial Piety.' The embodiment of the Tang’s filial ethics is the criminal law clauses on 'Undutifulness to parents,'(不孝) which was designated as one of the 'Ten Deadly Sins' that led to granted severe or capital punishment only if violated. This clearly shows that the Tang dynasty highlighted 'Filial Piety,' and its government power was even influential to the 'Filial Piety' in family ethics. Service in mourning(奪情) was a temporary course of action(權宜) established in the Han dynasty(漢代) to resolve value collision between 'Filial Piety' and 'Loyalty' caused by the traditional three-year-mourning custom for dead parents. This was applied in national emergency or hostilities(戰時) to all competent civil and military officials(文武) Emperors cared for. Later, this system was revised to limit its effect only in hostilities(戰時) and for military officials(軍職) and Royal archivists(翰林). It indicates the social encouragement of 'Filial Piety' was systematically promoted by the Tang dynasty, which is supported, as aforementioned in the first verse of the second chapter, by the legislations throughout the entire Tang history; by the appeals and imperial messages; and by the cases articulating the significance of 'Filial Piety.' It appears that the entire Tang dynasty encouraged and emphasized 'Filial Piety', which is not coherent with other existing analyses and studies. The Tang dynasty differentiated itself in practice of the concept 'Filial Piety' from other late dynasties who utilized 'Filial Piety' as an instrument of justification of its regime usurpation(簒奪政權) and control over nobility; for it embraced 'Filial Piety' within its legal system with national promotion of the value to the public, desiring to use it as a ruling ideology and to expand the influence of Buddhism against that of Confucianism. The efforts to perfect 'Filial Piety' as an ideology was in progress all over the Tang society, which does not necessarily mean the value of 'Loyalty' was set aside from the governing ideas of the Tang period. These two values co-existed equally in the private sector until the Han dynasty embraced 'Loyalty' in its ruling philosophy. It was the Tang dynasty who established 'Filial Piety' as a ruling ideology to control the people. It had been a useful tool to gain popularity, and made people to praise monarch as an enlightened monarch. It also expanded national Buddhist influence while Buddhism, once alien and exotic, rising to be the mainstream ideologies along with Confucianism and Taoism. With this progress, it seems the value of 'Filial Piety' had been developed to systematically supplement that of 'Loyalty.' (Korea Army Academy at Yeongcheon, Department of Military History / lnigro@hanmail.net)