고구려 멸망과 요동지역 말갈인의 향배

Abstract

Malgal(Chinese: Mohe), which had been understood as a tribe coming from a single lineage passed down through Suksin-Eumlu-Mulgil, is now understood as the popular term(general name) referring to the people of plural origin and identical qualities. The key to understanding Malgal is in the perception of the emergence of seven northern Malgal tribes as well as in the relationship with the Malgal tribes that lived on the Korean peninsula as discovered in Samguk Sagi(History of the Three Kingdoms). To better understand ‘Balhae Malgal,’ the major members of Balhae, this paper focused on the formation of the Malgal tribe, the predecessor to Balhae Malgal, and on the activities shown by Malgal around the time of Goguryeo’s fall. The formation of the seven tribes happened during the time of Malgal, not Mulgil. The division of seven tribes was relevant to Goguryeo’s decision when it organized the conquered peoples across different regions and extended its influence over numerous ethnic groups in the north, including Mulgil, dividing them by their regions and understanding them accordingly. By the 7th century, asignificant number of Malgal people were under the rule of Goguryeo, both directly and indirectly, sharing the historical fate of Goguryeo. The seven tribes of Malgal, divided by their corresponding regions, began to witness their local foundation slowly eroding due to the increasingly strong rule by Goguryeo and its military mobilization. Many of Malgal tribes were dispersed and re-assigned to Jeongju, Goguryeo and reorganized as part of border towns. After the all-out mobilization of soldiers to fight for Goguryeo in the Sui-Tang war, the regional division of the seven tribes lost its meaning. After the fall of Goguryeo, many Malgal tribes residing in the Liaodong region joined the people of the fallen Goguryeo in the campaign to restore Goguryeo and escaped Tang’s rule. In 696, a group of people who had been forced to go to Yingzhou(today’s Chaoyang) went east under the leadership of Dae Joyeong and made the anti-Tang war a success. Anti-Tang in nature, Goguryeo’s Malgal tribes quickly joined the people of Goguryeo and worked together as one. In the Liaodong region, the Malgal people underwent another organization as they were being absorbed into Balhae after the kingdom had been founded. In the early era of Balhae, they were already differentiated from Heuksu Malgal(Wonbeon Malgal) and were referred to as Balhae Malgal(Dongbeon Malgal). Such differentiation was largely due to the historical experience surrounding the fall of Goguryeo.