고대 한어 허사 然의 기원 및 품사 연구
The Origin and the Part of Speech of 然 in Old Chinese
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The origin and the part of speech of 然 in Old Chinese have been controversial. Zhou (1959: 146-151) assumed that 然 is a demonstrative meaning ‘this way.’ Norman (1988), Pulleyblank (1995), and Schuessler (2007) thought that 然 is a fusion of [如 ‘to be like’+*n(pronoun)]. This study investigates the origin and the development of 然 by analyzing its occurrences in the Bronze Inscriptions, The Book of Odes, The Book of Documents, and Zuo’s Commentary. It shows that 然 is not just a demonstrative. Rather, it is a pro-form that substitutes for a verb phrase, a sentence, or the entire previous discourse. 然 is equivalent to [如+*n] from both the syntactic and the phonological point of view. Its *-n ending derived from Old Chinese demonstratives with the *n- initial (*N- demonstratives henceforth) including 爾 *nə, 乃 *nə̂ʔ, 若 *nak, 而 *nə, and so on. *N- demonstratives are very likely imported from the proto-Austroasiatic language, which extended as far north as the Yangtze river at that time. 然 is also used as an adjectival suffix together with 焉, 爾, 如, 若, and 而. These suffixes share both semantic and phonological similarities. Semantically, 然, 如, and 若 all mean ‘to be like.’ Phonologically, 爾, 若, and 而 all belong to the set of *N- demonstratives in Old Chinese. 然 (=[如+*n]) and 焉 (=[於+*n]) contain *N- demonstratives in their endings. In sum, the adjectival suffixes 然, 焉, 爾, 如, 若, and 而 were used interchangeably due to their semantic and phonological closeness.
Abstract
The origin and the part of speech of 然 in Old Chinese have been controversial. Zhou (1959: 146-151) assumed that 然 is a demonstrative meaning ‘this way.’ Norman (1988), Pulleyblank (1995), and Schuessler (2007) thought that 然 is a fusion of [如 ‘to be like’+*n(pronoun)]. This study investigates the origin and the development of 然 by analyzing its occurrences in the Bronze Inscriptions, The Book of Odes, The Book of Documents, and Zuo’s Commentary. It shows that 然 is not just a demonstrative. Rather, it is a pro-form that substitutes for a verb phrase, a sentence, or the entire previous discourse. 然 is equivalent to [如+*n] from both the syntactic and the phonological point of view. Its *-n ending derived from Old Chinese demonstratives with the *n- initial (*N- demonstratives henceforth) including 爾 *nə, 乃 *nə̂ʔ, 若 *nak, 而 *nə, and so on. *N- demonstratives are very likely imported from the proto-Austroasiatic language, which extended as far north as the Yangtze river at that time. 然 is also used as an adjectival suffix together with 焉, 爾, 如, 若, and 而. These suffixes share both semantic and phonological similarities. Semantically, 然, 如, and 若 all mean ‘to be like.’ Phonologically, 爾, 若, and 而 all belong to the set of *N- demonstratives in Old Chinese. 然 (=[如+*n]) and 焉 (=[於+*n]) contain *N- demonstratives in their endings. In sum, the adjectival suffixes 然, 焉, 爾, 如, 若, and 而 were used interchangeably due to their semantic and phonological closeness.
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