≪左傳≫의 前八公과 後四公에 나타난 부정부사 弗의 용법상의 차이
The Functional Differences of Fu(弗) between the Former Eight Dukes 前八公 and the Latter Four Dukes 後四公 of Zuo's Commentary(≪左傳≫)
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The interpretation of the negative particle fu 弗 in classical Chinese has been controversial. Ding (1935) proposed that 弗 is a fusion of 不+之, which ignited hot debates on the interpretation of 弗. This paper tries to explain the nature of 弗 based on its occurrences in Zuo’s Commentary 左傳. While analyzing the usages of 弗 in Zuo’s Commentary, the author found that there are thirteen cases in which 弗 cannot be interpreted as a fusion of 不+之. The author interpreted those examples as traces of the pre-classical Chinese usages of 弗, in which 弗 is used as a "modal negative,” while 不 is a plain negative. The usages of 弗 show significant differences between the Former Eight Dukes 前八公 and the Latter Four Dukes 後四公 of Zuo's Commentary. While there are more traces of the pre-classical usages of 弗 in the Former Eight Dukes, by the time of the Latter Four Dukes, the canon in which 弗 negates a transitive verb and 弗 has an inherent object was well-established. As a result, in the Latter Four Dukes, there are twenty one examples where 弗 negates something other than a transitive verb (such as an intransitive verb, stative verb, optative verb, as well as a noun) and "transitivize" (or make causaive or putative) what it negates. On the other hand, in the Former Eight Dukes, there are only two examples of such cases. The difference in the usages of 弗 in the Former Eight Dukes and the Latter Four Dukes supports He Leshi's (2000 b, c) argument that there were considerable grammatical changes between the Former Eight Dukes and the Latter Four Dukes of Zuo's Commentary.
Abstract
The interpretation of the negative particle fu 弗 in classical Chinese has been controversial. Ding (1935) proposed that 弗 is a fusion of 不+之, which ignited hot debates on the interpretation of 弗. This paper tries to explain the nature of 弗 based on its occurrences in Zuo’s Commentary 左傳. While analyzing the usages of 弗 in Zuo’s Commentary, the author found that there are thirteen cases in which 弗 cannot be interpreted as a fusion of 不+之. The author interpreted those examples as traces of the pre-classical Chinese usages of 弗, in which 弗 is used as a "modal negative,” while 不 is a plain negative. The usages of 弗 show significant differences between the Former Eight Dukes 前八公 and the Latter Four Dukes 後四公 of Zuo's Commentary. While there are more traces of the pre-classical usages of 弗 in the Former Eight Dukes, by the time of the Latter Four Dukes, the canon in which 弗 negates a transitive verb and 弗 has an inherent object was well-established. As a result, in the Latter Four Dukes, there are twenty one examples where 弗 negates something other than a transitive verb (such as an intransitive verb, stative verb, optative verb, as well as a noun) and "transitivize" (or make causaive or putative) what it negates. On the other hand, in the Former Eight Dukes, there are only two examples of such cases. The difference in the usages of 弗 in the Former Eight Dukes and the Latter Four Dukes supports He Leshi's (2000 b, c) argument that there were considerable grammatical changes between the Former Eight Dukes and the Latter Four Dukes of Zuo's Commentary.
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