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The lexicalization path of “不至于+VP”
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本文调查“不至于”的来源和词汇化的过程。现代汉语裏出现的“不至于+动词句”表示情况不会发展到某種地步。现代汉语的“不至于”是从上古汉语的“不至於”衍变、发展出来的。上古汉语的“不至於”的结构本来是“否定词+移动动词+表示到达點的虚词。” 值得注意的是,从上古汉语开始,“不至於”已经开始慢慢兒地词汇化了,并不仅仅是“至於”的否定形式。就是说, “至於”後边常常出现表示处所、时间、人等的[+具體]的名词。與此相反,“不至於”後边很少出现这種名词,而出现表示情况、程度、结果等的[+抽象]名词。 上古汉语的“不至於”和现代汉语的“不至于”在语义上、语法上有大大的区别。在语法上,现代汉语的“不至于”後边只能出现动词短語。與此相反,上古汉语的“不至於”後边不但出现动词短語,而且出现近指的指示代词“此”,名词或者名词短語,也出现抽象名词。在语义上,现代汉语的“不至于”後边只能出現[+反面]的动词短語。與此相反,上古汉语的“不至於”後边不但能出现[+反面]的名詞或者動詞短語,而且也能出现[+正面]的名詞或者動詞短語。总之,上古汉语裏出现的“不至於”的语法上、语义上的范围比现代汉语的“不至于”廣得多。 近代汉语时期在“不至於”的词汇化过程當中,是一個过渡期。这個时期,“不至於”後边开始最频繁地出现[+抽象,+反面]的动词短語。還有值得注意的是,≪朱子語類≫裏出现一次“至於”被用作一個动词(不是“动词+虚词”)的例子。但是,≪朱子語類≫裏出现的一個“不能至於”的例子表示“不至於”这個时期还是“否定副词+动词”,还没有像现代汉语一樣变成一個词。到了二十世纪,“不至於”的词汇化完成了,五十年代文字改革以後,“不至於”也简化为“不至于” 了。
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