“Not without phoronesis” -Socrates and Aristotle on Virtue-
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According to Aristotle, Socrates “was mistaken in thinking that all the virtues are forms of prudence, but he was quite right in asserting that they imply prudence” (EN VI 1144b18-21). In other respects, too, Aristotle’s own account of the virtues can be read as a corrective response to the view that virtue is knowledge (wisdom, prudence). How does he seek to improve upon Socrates? 1) He identifies the object of ethical knowledge not with virtue itself but rather with the functions and requirements of the various ethical virtues. 2) He draws a sharp line between virtue and craft. 3) He differentiates the virtues in terms of different passions, while yet uniting them by the grasp of an end in which they share. 4) He distinguishes one kind of knowledge, which guarantees virtue, from another kind, which is shared by the self-controlled and the un-self-controlled. Finally, by suggesting that the very grounds of ethical knowledge at the same time motivate virtuous action, his account is Socratic in a way not envisaged by Socrates himself.
Abstract
According to Aristotle, Socrates “was mistaken in thinking that all the virtues are forms of prudence, but he was quite right in asserting that they imply prudence” (EN VI 1144b18-21). In other respects, too, Aristotle’s own account of the virtues can be read as a corrective response to the view that virtue is knowledge (wisdom, prudence). How does he seek to improve upon Socrates? 1) He identifies the object of ethical knowledge not with virtue itself but rather with the functions and requirements of the various ethical virtues. 2) He draws a sharp line between virtue and craft. 3) He differentiates the virtues in terms of different passions, while yet uniting them by the grasp of an end in which they share. 4) He distinguishes one kind of knowledge, which guarantees virtue, from another kind, which is shared by the self-controlled and the un-self-controlled. Finally, by suggesting that the very grounds of ethical knowledge at the same time motivate virtuous action, his account is Socratic in a way not envisaged by Socrates himself.
참고문헌 (6)
- Plato, "Complete Works. Hackett, Indianapolis", Cambridge 1997, 1997
- Aristotle, "Ethics (The Nicomachean Ethics), (tr.) J. A. K. Thomson, Penguin, London 1976", ~ (1976)
- Aristotle, "Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, Philosophical Introduction and Commentary", ~ (2002)
- Guthrie, William K. C., "History of Greek Philosophy, vol. III", ~ (1969)
- Mueller, Anselm Winfried, "Aristotle’s Conception of Ethical and Natural Virtue. How the Unity Thesis Sheds Light on the Doctrine of the Mean”, in Was ist das fuer den Menschen Gute? Menschliche Natur und Gueterlehre", What Is Good for a Human Being? Huma
- Taylor, Christopher C. W., "Socrates. OUP, Oxford", ~ (1998)