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판도라에 대한 여러 인식과 그 배경 - 기원전 5세기경 아테네를 중심으로 -

The Perception and Background about Pandora in Athens during 5th Century B.C.

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초록

오늘날 판도라는 프로메테우스를 처벌하려는 제우스의 의도로 인해 창조된 인류 최초의 여성으로 여겨진다. 그러나 고대 그리스인들의 사료를 살펴보면 판도라에 대한 다양한 인식을 찾아볼 수 있다. 헤시오도스는 『신통기』와 『일들과 나날』에서 판도라를 최초의 여성이자 인류에게 재앙을 가져온 자로 나타내고 있다. 그러나 히포낙스, 소포클레스, 아리스토파네스의 언급 속에서 판도라는 신성한 존재로 그려지고 있으며, 나아가 지모신과의 연계성이 강화되거나 심지어 지모신과 동일시되고 있어 흥미롭다. 이러한 신성한 존재로서의 판도라의 모습은 아티카 도기화를 통해서도 엿볼 수 있다. 판도라의 신성성, 나아가 지모신과의 연계성은 기원전 5세기라는 특정 시기에 아테네라는 특정지역에서 보다 강조되고 있다. 이러한 현상은 국가적 위상을 고조하기 위한 방안으로써 토박이 아테네인 개념을 강조하고, 농경의 시원지로서의 아테네의 위신 및 영향력을 확대하고, 아테나 숭배를 강화하려 하였던 기원전 5세기 아테네의 정치․사회적 상황과 밀접한 관련이 있었을 것으로 짐작해 볼 수 있다. 이러한 배경 속에서 판도라는 재앙을 가져온 인류 최초의 여성이 아닌 여신, 그 중에서도 지모신적 모습으로 나타났을 것으로 추정된다.

Abstract

Today, Pandora is thought to be the first woman who was created by Zeus having the intention to punish Prometheus. In Ancient Greek literature, however, there are various ideas about Pandora. Hesiod expressed Pandora as the first woman and evil thing in Theogony and in Works and Days. The perception of the first woman had been shared regardless of region and period, but Pandora was strongly connected or even identified with Earth-goddess. This tendency appears in Attic vase-paintings. Vase-paintings reflecting Pandora’s myth are divided into ones representing Hesiod’s myth and ones describing myth of Sophocles. Even in the vase-paintings reflecting Hesiod’s myth, it is hard to find the negative cognition about Pandora, because most of them described Pandora’s birth. The Connectivity between Pandora and Earth-goddess like the use of Demeter’s epithet, the appearance of Satyr holding hammer and pick and the image of rising from the earth is found in some vase-paintings. It is interesting that the connection between Pandora and Earth-goddess was emphasized in specific period, the 5th century B.C., in specific region, Athens. This phenomenon was related to the situation of Athens in 5th century B.C. underlining the concept of autochthonous athenians, increasing influence about agriculture and reinforcing worship of Athena as means for raising national status. It is supposed that Pandora was more emphasized as Earth-goddess than as the first woman carrying disaster to human beings by reflecting the context of period in Athens during 5th century B.C.

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