Humanitas in Imperial Age: -Some Reflections on Seneca and Quintilian-
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The paper begins with a short discussion of a well-known passage of Aulus Gellius, NA 13.17, that concerns the correct meaning of humanitas and continues with a short lexicographic survey about the history of the exegesis of the word. The survey deals mainly with Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, Oxford Latin Dictionary and Neue Pauly's voices. Afterwards, the paper focuses on the meaning of humanitas and inhumanitas in I century AD, taking as case studies Seneca the Philosopher's works and Quintilian’s Institutio. After having briefly studied the number of occurrences of humanitas and inhumanitas in the two authors, the paper analyses with particular attention some passages (Ep. 65.7, 88.29-30, 95.51-53, 115.3, De tranquillitate animi 15.5; Quint. Inst. 2.2.9-10, 6. pr.10, 12.11.15-17) and aims to show that the educational sense (the Greek “paideia”) is quite absent in Seneca’s works and in Quintilian’s Institutio oratoria. Humanitas concerns in Seneca mainly the domain of philanthropy, the sense of humanity and of mutual connection of human beings and includes both technical meanings (as the Platonic idea of man) and broader sense expressions. For Quintilian also we have to state that the educational sense of the word humanitas seems absent and that it remains at the philosophical level, without specific cultural meaning, but with a practical attitude connected to his activity as a rhetor. Moreover, the analysis shows that, sometimes, the word is connected with adjectives with negative meaning, as in the case of vitiosissima humanitas (Inst. 2.2.9-10). The commented passages aim only to show some results of a work in progress and to propose examples of the rich usage of the word in the above quoted authors and in the Latin literature of the imperial age. As also the former bibliography shows, the research on the sense of the word from Ist to Vth century AD should be continued and improved; this paper aims to be a first step of this inquiry on humanitas during Roman empire, a research that should concern also the periphrasis of the concept, well highlighting the evolution and the changes in the usage of the word during the centuries.
Abstract
The paper begins with a short discussion of a well-known passage of Aulus Gellius, NA 13.17, that concerns the correct meaning of humanitas and continues with a short lexicographic survey about the history of the exegesis of the word. The survey deals mainly with Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, Oxford Latin Dictionary and Neue Pauly's voices. Afterwards, the paper focuses on the meaning of humanitas and inhumanitas in I century AD, taking as case studies Seneca the Philosopher's works and Quintilian’s Institutio. After having briefly studied the number of occurrences of humanitas and inhumanitas in the two authors, the paper analyses with particular attention some passages (Ep. 65.7, 88.29-30, 95.51-53, 115.3, De tranquillitate animi 15.5; Quint. Inst. 2.2.9-10, 6. pr.10, 12.11.15-17) and aims to show that the educational sense (the Greek “paideia”) is quite absent in Seneca’s works and in Quintilian’s Institutio oratoria. Humanitas concerns in Seneca mainly the domain of philanthropy, the sense of humanity and of mutual connection of human beings and includes both technical meanings (as the Platonic idea of man) and broader sense expressions. For Quintilian also we have to state that the educational sense of the word humanitas seems absent and that it remains at the philosophical level, without specific cultural meaning, but with a practical attitude connected to his activity as a rhetor. Moreover, the analysis shows that, sometimes, the word is connected with adjectives with negative meaning, as in the case of vitiosissima humanitas (Inst. 2.2.9-10). The commented passages aim only to show some results of a work in progress and to propose examples of the rich usage of the word in the above quoted authors and in the Latin literature of the imperial age. As also the former bibliography shows, the research on the sense of the word from Ist to Vth century AD should be continued and improved; this paper aims to be a first step of this inquiry on humanitas during Roman empire, a research that should concern also the periphrasis of the concept, well highlighting the evolution and the changes in the usage of the word during the centuries.
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