The Ties that Bind: the Hiera Orgas and the ‘Cause’ of the Peloponnesian War
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This paper situates the Hiera Orgas in the political, religious and economic history of Athens to show the ways in which the Megarian occupation of the Orgas at the time of Peloponnesian War would have resonated across all sectors of the Athenian demos and in so doing served to galvanise the Athenian demos and unite them behind Perikles’ policy of war with the Peloponnesian League in 431 BCE. It will be argued that the Athenians of Thucydides’ time perceived the Orgas as a trigger for military action because 1) Megara and Sparta had a history of sacrilege against the Orgas; 2) the Athenians needed the Orgas for the production of sacrificial victims; and 3) neuroscience research has demonstrated that war veterans tend to devote more attention to religious activities connected to the world after death, such as those offered to the men of Athens by the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Eleusis. Located along the border between Megara and Athens, the Orgas were a purposefully uncultivated landscape that could provide animal resources for public and private sacrifices, as well as revenue for the Eleusinian mystery cult of Demeter and Kore. Animal sacrifice played a significant role in constructing and maintaining Athenian public and private identity by the time of the Peloponnesian War and as such was deeply embedded in the Athenian way of life. Consequently, many Athenians of all ranks became incensed when religious landscapes like the Hiera Orgas were threatened in any way. This indignation arose from the disruption of both pastoral uses of the Orgas and its role in supporting the all-important Eleusinian Mysteries, a cult whose most significant feature was offering mystical revelations about human activity after death. As a result, threats to the Orgas’ were understood as religious, economic and political issues. Indeed, one of the most tragic events in early Athenian history, the so-called ‘conspiracy of Kylon’ and the resultant murders committed by Megakles, head of the Alkmaionid clan, involved the Orgas and provide context for why its desecration by the neighbouring Megarians became such a politicised issue centuries later during the Peloponnesian War.
Abstract
This paper situates the Hiera Orgas in the political, religious and economic history of Athens to show the ways in which the Megarian occupation of the Orgas at the time of Peloponnesian War would have resonated across all sectors of the Athenian demos and in so doing served to galvanise the Athenian demos and unite them behind Perikles’ policy of war with the Peloponnesian League in 431 BCE. It will be argued that the Athenians of Thucydides’ time perceived the Orgas as a trigger for military action because 1) Megara and Sparta had a history of sacrilege against the Orgas; 2) the Athenians needed the Orgas for the production of sacrificial victims; and 3) neuroscience research has demonstrated that war veterans tend to devote more attention to religious activities connected to the world after death, such as those offered to the men of Athens by the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Eleusis. Located along the border between Megara and Athens, the Orgas were a purposefully uncultivated landscape that could provide animal resources for public and private sacrifices, as well as revenue for the Eleusinian mystery cult of Demeter and Kore. Animal sacrifice played a significant role in constructing and maintaining Athenian public and private identity by the time of the Peloponnesian War and as such was deeply embedded in the Athenian way of life. Consequently, many Athenians of all ranks became incensed when religious landscapes like the Hiera Orgas were threatened in any way. This indignation arose from the disruption of both pastoral uses of the Orgas and its role in supporting the all-important Eleusinian Mysteries, a cult whose most significant feature was offering mystical revelations about human activity after death. As a result, threats to the Orgas’ were understood as religious, economic and political issues. Indeed, one of the most tragic events in early Athenian history, the so-called ‘conspiracy of Kylon’ and the resultant murders committed by Megakles, head of the Alkmaionid clan, involved the Orgas and provide context for why its desecration by the neighbouring Megarians became such a politicised issue centuries later during the Peloponnesian War.
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