Politicians and Homosexual Relations in Athenian Democracy
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Academic interest in historical changes concerning Greek homosexuality has been limited, as many scholars view it as static and timeless. This article explores homosexuality within the historical context of democratic Athens, particularly the increasing concern, from the late fifth to mid-fourth century BC, over the elevation to politician of male citizens who had prostituted themselves. After reviewing previous scholarship, section 3 reinterprets Against Timarchus (Aes. 1), a key source on ancient Greek homosexuality, challenging the traditional theory established by Kenneth Dover. It argues that by the midfourth century BC, there was a deep-seated fear of male prostitutes entering politics. Section 4 investigates various texts from the late fifth to mid-fourth centuries that refer to male homosexual relationships. In the late fifth century BC, comic poets hinted at homosexuality among politicians but seldom took one step further by accusing them of prostitution; the ‘prostitute-politician’ in Ar. Eq. was more a fictional character than a realistic threat. Around 400 BC, orators began accusing political rivals of prostitution, though the language was indirect and prostitution was rarely the central charge. By the mid-fourth century BC, harsh condemnations of politicians based on their sexual misconduct emerged in works like Dem. 22 (355 BC), marking the peak of hostility towards prostitute-politicians. Section 5 addresses the historical background to the rising concerns over prostitutes entering politics from the fifth to the fourth century BC, employing a prosopographical approach. In the late fifth century, little literary evidence shows both partners in homosexual relationships involved in political life, suggesting that such relationships were not seen as politically manipulative. From the early fourth century BC, however, writers began to suggest that young men with political ambitions might use homosexual relationships for advancement. Accusations began to surface of ‘prostitution’ against politicians, as in Aes. 1 and Dem. 22. This trend likely reflects a shift in the nature of political leadership: as public speaking became essential for politicians in the fourth century BC, ambitious young men began using personal relationships for career enhancement. Political leaders also increasingly emerged from diverse social backgrounds, heightening anxieties about the use of homosexual relationships, including monetary exchange, for political gain. In conclusion, concerns over male prostitutes entering politics grew through the fourth century BC. This study could also contribute to the reconsideration of the establishment dates of the legal procedures γραφή ἑταιρήσεως and δοκιμασία ῥητόρων.
Abstract
Academic interest in historical changes concerning Greek homosexuality has been limited, as many scholars view it as static and timeless. This article explores homosexuality within the historical context of democratic Athens, particularly the increasing concern, from the late fifth to mid-fourth century BC, over the elevation to politician of male citizens who had prostituted themselves. After reviewing previous scholarship, section 3 reinterprets Against Timarchus (Aes. 1), a key source on ancient Greek homosexuality, challenging the traditional theory established by Kenneth Dover. It argues that by the midfourth century BC, there was a deep-seated fear of male prostitutes entering politics. Section 4 investigates various texts from the late fifth to mid-fourth centuries that refer to male homosexual relationships. In the late fifth century BC, comic poets hinted at homosexuality among politicians but seldom took one step further by accusing them of prostitution; the ‘prostitute-politician’ in Ar. Eq. was more a fictional character than a realistic threat. Around 400 BC, orators began accusing political rivals of prostitution, though the language was indirect and prostitution was rarely the central charge. By the mid-fourth century BC, harsh condemnations of politicians based on their sexual misconduct emerged in works like Dem. 22 (355 BC), marking the peak of hostility towards prostitute-politicians. Section 5 addresses the historical background to the rising concerns over prostitutes entering politics from the fifth to the fourth century BC, employing a prosopographical approach. In the late fifth century, little literary evidence shows both partners in homosexual relationships involved in political life, suggesting that such relationships were not seen as politically manipulative. From the early fourth century BC, however, writers began to suggest that young men with political ambitions might use homosexual relationships for advancement. Accusations began to surface of ‘prostitution’ against politicians, as in Aes. 1 and Dem. 22. This trend likely reflects a shift in the nature of political leadership: as public speaking became essential for politicians in the fourth century BC, ambitious young men began using personal relationships for career enhancement. Political leaders also increasingly emerged from diverse social backgrounds, heightening anxieties about the use of homosexual relationships, including monetary exchange, for political gain. In conclusion, concerns over male prostitutes entering politics grew through the fourth century BC. This study could also contribute to the reconsideration of the establishment dates of the legal procedures γραφή ἑταιρήσεως and δοκιμασία ῥητόρων.
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