“Against Simon” and “On a Wound by Premeditation”: Lysias’ Court Speech Writing Career as the Legal Background of the Phaedrus
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In this paper, I set two speeches from Plato’s Phaedrus into the historical context surrounding the dialogue. The speeches are about the advantages of non-lovers and the disadvantages of lovers that Phaedrus (230e-234c) and Socrates (237a-241d) exchange at the outset of the dialogue. Phaedrus recites a speech on the confessions of the non-lover (μὴ ἐρῶντας), which he claims Lysias wrote, although he never reveals the speech scroll to Socrates. We do not have this speech in the surviving writings of the historical Lysias (445-380 BC), but we do have two speeches from Lysias that concern ἔρως. Lysias wrote these speeches for his clients as defendants at the Areopagus. Supposing Lysias is at least the model for Phaedrus’ speech, the two surviving speeches from Lysias can shed light on some of the central questions raised by the speeches about non-lovers and lovers in the Phaedrus. These questions are: When is it expedient for an older man to claim that he is a non-lover of a youth, and when the opposite? What reflection does the Phaedrus offer on the subject of paiderastia? Can we definitively establish whether Plato offers a critique of an older person’s sexual desire for a much younger one? And, if so, what light does this critique shed on both the ethical standing of the dialogical character of Phaedrus and the historical person of Lysias? My analysis of Lysias’ “Against Simon” and “On a Wound by Premeditation” provides important context for the Phaedrus. The paper also answers the above questions by explaining why it is the case that the non-lover of Phaedrus’ speech – contrary to Phaedrus’ assertion – is just as blameworthy, ruinous, and corrupting to the adolescent addressee as the desirous lover of Socrates’.
Abstract
In this paper, I set two speeches from Plato’s Phaedrus into the historical context surrounding the dialogue. The speeches are about the advantages of non-lovers and the disadvantages of lovers that Phaedrus (230e-234c) and Socrates (237a-241d) exchange at the outset of the dialogue. Phaedrus recites a speech on the confessions of the non-lover (μὴ ἐρῶντας), which he claims Lysias wrote, although he never reveals the speech scroll to Socrates. We do not have this speech in the surviving writings of the historical Lysias (445-380 BC), but we do have two speeches from Lysias that concern ἔρως. Lysias wrote these speeches for his clients as defendants at the Areopagus. Supposing Lysias is at least the model for Phaedrus’ speech, the two surviving speeches from Lysias can shed light on some of the central questions raised by the speeches about non-lovers and lovers in the Phaedrus. These questions are: When is it expedient for an older man to claim that he is a non-lover of a youth, and when the opposite? What reflection does the Phaedrus offer on the subject of paiderastia? Can we definitively establish whether Plato offers a critique of an older person’s sexual desire for a much younger one? And, if so, what light does this critique shed on both the ethical standing of the dialogical character of Phaedrus and the historical person of Lysias? My analysis of Lysias’ “Against Simon” and “On a Wound by Premeditation” provides important context for the Phaedrus. The paper also answers the above questions by explaining why it is the case that the non-lover of Phaedrus’ speech – contrary to Phaedrus’ assertion – is just as blameworthy, ruinous, and corrupting to the adolescent addressee as the desirous lover of Socrates’.
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