메콩 유역의 지속가능한 개발을 위한 법적 과제
The Legal Issues for Sustainable Development in the Mekong River Basin
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초록
대표적인 국제공유하천인 메콩강에서는 ‘개발과 환경’이라는 이슈와 관련하여상류유역(중국, 미얀마)과 하류유역(라오스, 태국, 캄보디아, 베트남) 간의 이해관계가 복잡하게 얽혀져 있다. 메콩강위원회(MRC)를 중심으로 한 현재의 메콩강협력체계는 이러한 문제들을 제대로 해결하지 못하고 있다. 향후 메콩강과 연계된 다양한 이익주체들 간의 갈등 해소 내지 지속적인 협력을 위해서는 실질적인협력체계 즉 강제력 있는 거버넌스 및 법·제도적 기반이 마련될 필요가 있다. 본연구에서는 먼저 메콩강 협력체계의 형성과 발전과정에 대하여 개관한 후, ‘메콩강위원회’의 기반이 되는 「메콩강유역의 지속가능한 개발을 위한 협력에 관한 협약」(1995)의 연혁과 체계 및 주요 내용을 검토하고자 한다. 이를 통해 현재 메콩강 협력체계의 문제점을 도출하고, 향후 메콩강의 지속가능한 개발을 위한 법적과제를 모색해 보고자 한다.
Abstract
The Mekong River Basin is divided into two distinguished hydro-politics, fourLower Mekong Basin States ― Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam and twoUpper Mekong Basin States ― China and Myanmar. This basin is in the midst ofa regional debate over development cooperation versus ecological preservation. Thelower Mekong states, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam have a long historyof cooperation. The Mekong regime has evolved over three distinct periods, eachwith its own constitutional framework: the Mekong Committee era(1957∼1975),the Interim Mekong Committee era(1976∼1995), and the Mekong RiverCommission era(1995∼present). In 1995, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnamconcluded the ‘Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development ofthe Mekong River Basin’ and formed the Mekong River Commission, which hasbeen lauded as the most progressive institution of river and a model for the world. However, there are many aspects of the Mekong Regime that should be strengthenedin order to secure environmental, economic and social benefits. Improved regionalcoordination of sustainable water management among Mekong countries and stakeholdersis crucial to foster equitable development and economic cooperation andensure the peaceful coexistence of Mekong communities in the long term. This articlesuggests the following four assignments for sustainable development in the MekongRiver Basin: (a) the amendment of the ‘Agreement on the Cooperation for theSustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin(1995)’, (b) the reinforcementof power and function of ‘Mekong River Commission(MRC)’, (c) the arrangementof legal system and improvement of its effectiveness under each basin’s country.
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