초국경 댐 개발에 관한 수자원 외교: 메콩강위원회(MRC)의 역할과 과제
Water Diplomacy on Transboundary Dam Development: Role and Challenges of the Mekong River Commission (MRC)
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초록
메콩강위원회(MRC: Mekong River Commission)는 역내 유일의 하천유역기구(RBO)로서 메콩강에 관한 정보의 공유, 네트워크 구축, 협력의 중재와 원활화의 역할을 맡고 있다. MRC는 1995년 메콩 유역국(캄보디아, 라오스, 태국, 베트남)이 합의한 메콩 협약(Mekong Agreement)을 기초로 설립되었으며 현재 4개 유역국은 정회원국(membership)으로, 중국과 미얀마는 대화상대국(observer)으로 참여하고 있다. 본 연구는 역내 유일의 초국가 기구인 MRC의 수자원 외교 측면에서의 역할과 성과 그리고 한계와 과제를 고찰하는 데 목적을 둔다. MRC의 역할은 메콩강의 지정학적 환경, 관련국의 권력관계 등에 영향을 받고 있다. 본고는 수자원 외교의 개념과 특성 등 이론적 논의를 개괄적으로 정리하고 RBO로서의 MRC의 목표와 역할을 분석한 후, MRC의 수자원 외교 프레임워크인 제도적, 법적, 전략적 접근을 통한 기능과 절차 및 수자원 외교의 핵심 사례로서 메콩 수력 댐 사례를 통해 MRC가 어떤 역할을 해왔는지 살펴보고자 한다. 또한 MRC 수자원 외교의 과제에 집중하여 현재의 한계를 극복하기 위한 제도적 과제, 중국의 부상으로 인한 도전 극복, 수자원 외교 역량 강화의 필요성을 강조하고자 한다. 결론에서는 MRC의 RBO로서의 지속적인 유효성과 효과적 수자원 외교 방안을 제안하고자 한다.
Abstract
The Mekong River Commission (MRC), as the sole transboundary river basin organization (RBO) in the region, plays a role in sharing information about the Mekong River, building networks, mediating cooperation, and facilitating dialogue. Founded on the basis of the 1995 Mekong Agreement, which was agreed upon by the Mekong riparian countries (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam), while China and Myanmar participate as dialogue partners (observers). This study aims to examine the role, achievements, limitations, and challenges of the MRC in the context of water diplomacy, as the only supranational institution in the region. The role of the MRC is influenced by geographical aspects of the Mekong River and power dynamics among the relevant countries. To begin with, the study provides an overview of the theoretical discussions on the concept and characteristics of water diplomacy, then clarifies the objectives and expected functions of the MRC as a RBO. The study further explores the functional aspects and procedures of MRC's water diplomacy through its institutional, legal, and strategic approaches within the framework. The pivotal case of the Mekong hydropower dam is examined to understand the MRC’s role. The study also focuses on the challenges of MRC's water diplomacy, emphasizing institutional aspects for overcoming present limitations, addressing challenges posed by China's rise, and highlighting the need to enhance water diplomacy capacities. Despite the limitations of MRC in conclusion, the aim is to propose a continuous validity as RBO and an effective strategy for water diplomacy.
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