메콩강 수력발전댐 개발에 대한 하류국가 캄보디아 정부의 태도 변화: 그 배경과 영향 요인
The Attitude Change of the Downstream Cambodian Government on the Development of Hydropower Dams in the Mekong River: The Background and Influential Factors
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전 세계적인 물 부족 현상이 심화됨에 따라 국제 하천을 둘러싼 국가 간의 갈등이 심화되고 있다. 메콩강은 6개 국가가 공유하는 동남아시아의 대표적인 국제하천으로, 경제가 성장함에 따라 수 력발전은 메콩 유역국들의 증가하는 전력 수요를 충족시키기 위 한 주요한 전력 공급방식이 되었다. 그러나 강 상류 지역의 수력발 전은 강 생태계 전체에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 특히 하류지역민 들의 삶에 상당한 영향을 미치기 때문에 메콩강의 댐 건설은 지속 적인 논란의 대상이 되고 있다. 국제하천에서 발생하는 논란을 이 해하기 위해서는 이를 공유하는 여러 국가의 각각 다른 입장을 모두 고려해야 한다. 그러나 지금까지 메콩 수력발전에 대한 특정 국가의 입장이나 태도를 분석한 연구는 중국과 라오스를 중심으 로이루어져왔다. 이에 이 연구에서는다른유역국들 중 메콩강 하류에 위치하여 수력발전으로 인한 이익을 얻기보다는 비용을 부담하게 될 가능성이 높은 캄보디아 정부의 입장을 연구하였다. 캄보디아 정부는 메콩 상류의 수력발전에 대해 어떠한 태도를 보 이고 있으며 그러한 태도는 어디에서 기인하는가? 연구를 통해 메 콩강에 건설되는 댐에 대한 캄보디아 정부의 지지 입장을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 이러한 입장의 형성에는 1) 중국과의 경제적 비대 칭성, 2) 라오스에 대한 전력 의존도와 지리적 비대칭성, 3) 캄보디 아 국내의 전력 계획 상 수력발전의 중요성이 크게 영향을 미쳤을 것으로 파악되었다.
Abstract
The conflicts among nations surrounding international rivers are intensifying as worldwide water shortage is getting worse. The Mekong River is a representative trans-boundary river in Southeast Asia shared by six countries, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. As the economy grows, hydroelectric power has become a major power supply source to meet the increasing power demand of the these countries. However, the construction of dams on the Mekong River is controversial because hydroelectric power in the river upstream has a negative impact not only on the whole river ecosystem but also on residents’ life around downstream, in particular. In order to understand the controversy arising from international rivers, it is necessary to take into account different positions of countries sharing it. However, studies on the position of a specific country to Mekong hydropower have been conducted mainly focusing on China and Laos. Therefore, this study tried to study the position of Cambodian government which is located downstream of the Mekong River and is likely to bear costs rather than to gain benefits from hydroelectric power generation. What is the attitude of the Cambodian government to the hydroelectric development of the upper Mekong and what is the reason for that? The study confirmed the Cambodian government's support for dam construction on the Mekong River. It also figured out influential factors on the formation of such a position as follows: 1) economic asymmetry with China, 2) power dependency and geographical asymmetry in Laos, and 3) importance of hydroelectric power in Cambodia.
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