Refractive Errors in Koreans: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2012
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Purpose: Our study provides epidemiologic data on the prevalence of refractive errors in all age group ≥5 yearsin Korea. Methods: In 2008 to 2012, a total of 33,355 participants aged ≥5 years underwent ophthalmologic examinations. Using the right eye, myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) less than -0.5 or -1.0 diopters(D) in subjects aged 19 years and older or as an SE less than -0.75 or -1.25 D in subjects aged 5 to 18 yearsaccording to non-cycloplegic refraction. Other refractive errors were defined as follows: high myopia as an SEless than -6.0 D; hyperopia as an SE larger than +0.5 D; and astigmatism as a cylindrical error less than -1.0 D. The prevalence and risk factors of myopia were evaluated. Results: Prevalence rates with a 95% confidence interval were determined for myopia (SE <-0.5 D, 51.9% [51.2to 52.7]; SE <-1.0 D, 39.6% [38.8 to 40.3]), high myopia (5.0% [4.7 to 5.3]), hyperopia (13.4% [12.9 to 13.9]), andastigmatism (31.2% [30.5 to 32.0]). The prevalence of myopia demonstrated a nonlinear distribution with thehighest peak between the ages of 19 and 29 years. The prevalence of hyperopia decreased with age in subjectsaged 39 years or younger and then increased with age in subjects aged 40 years or older. The prevalenceof astigmatism gradually increased with age. Education was associated with all refractive errors; myopiawas more prevalent and hyperopia and astigmatism were less prevalent in the highly educated groups. Conclusions: In young generations, the prevalence of myopia in Korea was much higher compared to the whiteor black populations in Western countries and is consistent with the high prevalence found in most other Asiancountries. The overall prevalence of hyperopia was much lower compared to that of the white Western population. Age and education level were significant predictive factors associated with all kinds of refractive errors.
Abstract
Purpose: Our study provides epidemiologic data on the prevalence of refractive errors in all age group ≥5 yearsin Korea. Methods: In 2008 to 2012, a total of 33,355 participants aged ≥5 years underwent ophthalmologic examinations. Using the right eye, myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) less than -0.5 or -1.0 diopters(D) in subjects aged 19 years and older or as an SE less than -0.75 or -1.25 D in subjects aged 5 to 18 yearsaccording to non-cycloplegic refraction. Other refractive errors were defined as follows: high myopia as an SEless than -6.0 D; hyperopia as an SE larger than +0.5 D; and astigmatism as a cylindrical error less than -1.0 D. The prevalence and risk factors of myopia were evaluated. Results: Prevalence rates with a 95% confidence interval were determined for myopia (SE <-0.5 D, 51.9% [51.2to 52.7]; SE <-1.0 D, 39.6% [38.8 to 40.3]), high myopia (5.0% [4.7 to 5.3]), hyperopia (13.4% [12.9 to 13.9]), andastigmatism (31.2% [30.5 to 32.0]). The prevalence of myopia demonstrated a nonlinear distribution with thehighest peak between the ages of 19 and 29 years. The prevalence of hyperopia decreased with age in subjectsaged 39 years or younger and then increased with age in subjects aged 40 years or older. The prevalenceof astigmatism gradually increased with age. Education was associated with all refractive errors; myopiawas more prevalent and hyperopia and astigmatism were less prevalent in the highly educated groups. Conclusions: In young generations, the prevalence of myopia in Korea was much higher compared to the whiteor black populations in Western countries and is consistent with the high prevalence found in most other Asiancountries. The overall prevalence of hyperopia was much lower compared to that of the white Western population. Age and education level were significant predictive factors associated with all kinds of refractive errors.
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