전염성 질병에 대한 고병리학적 접근: 분석기법과 최근 연구의 경향검토
Paleopathological Studies of Infectious Disease: Examination of the Osteoarchaeological Research
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초록
전염성 질병은 일시에 많은 사람들을 사망에까지 이르게 하기 때문에 인류 사회 전반에 상당한 파급효과를미치는 질병 범주이다. 이러한 이유 때문에 전염병에 대한 연구는 의학적 차원뿐 아니라 인문학적으로도 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 전염성 질병에 대한 고병리학적 접근은 과거 집단이 병원체에 저항하고 적응했던 생물학적 흔적과 그변화에 대한 정보를 얻게 한다. 오늘날 옛 사람 뼈를 이용한 전염성 질병에 대한 연구는 관련된 병변을 차별적으로진단하는 것뿐 아니라 전염성 질병의 기원과 진화, 전파에 대한 연구로 점차 확장되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 뼈에 병변을 남기는 대표적인 전염성 질병인 매독과 결핵, 나병에 대한 연구를 중심으로 옛 질병을진단하고 해석하는 기법들이 최근까지 어떻게 발전해왔는지를 주요 저널에 발표된 논문을 검토하여 파악하고자 한다. 이를 통해 고병리 연구의 흐름과 최근 연구의 경향을 파악하고 이를 토대로 향후 한반도 내 전염성 질환의 양상과 질병 상태에 대한 객관적 정보들이 어떤 절차로 확보되고 연구되어야 할지에 대한 기준이 마련될 수 있기를 기대한다.
Abstract
Reconstructing the impact of infectious disease on past populations is one of the main fields in paleopathological studies. The initial phase of paleopathology was descriptive, focusing on the identification and presence of disease in the past. However, currently paleopathological studies are moving toward probing questions about the larger picture of origin and transmission of disease agents. In this study, paleopathological studies of major infectious disease (i.e., tubuerculosis, treponemal disease and leprosy) were reviewed through osteoarcheological work published in American Journal of Physical Anthropology, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, Journal of Archaeological Science and International Journal of Paleopathology from 1981 to 2017. A basic objective of this research was to examine many types of research in paleopathology and to characterize research trend in this field. As paleopathological studies becomes more abundant, the approaches to infectious disease have been increasingly specialized and interdisciplinary from 1980. Also, methodology used in paleopathology continues to evolve through the holistic approaches of molecular analysis, radiology and histopathology. Ultimately, this study reinforces the importance for retention of large-scale skeletal collections for paleopathological study in population perspective. In the near future, Korean paleopathology can contribute in the reconstructions of the history of disease and its effect on past human populations.
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