현대신유학(現代新儒學)에 나타난 유학·불교 융합의 방식들 - 웅십력(熊十力)·당군의(唐君毅)·모종삼(牟宗三) 3인의 철학을 중심으로 -

Abstract

Modern China is characterized by the invasion of Western imperialism and the resulting clash of Eastern and Western cultures. In the process of this conflict, various fusions of traditional Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism were attempted to respond to Western ideas. Xiong Xhili(熊十力) opened a new road by mainly utilizing Consciousness-Only theory in the fusion of Confucianism and Buddhism. His disciple, Tang Junyi(唐君毅), completed Modern Neo-Confucianism in association with Tian-Tai Buddhism. Xiong Xhili uses the ideas and terms of Confucianism, but with it, he criticizes Consciousness-Only theory and proposes ‘Neo Consciousness-Only theory(新唯識論)’. Because it was a way to affirm Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism, it was possible to combine Mou Jongsan(牟宗三) with Huayen Buddhism and Tang Junyi with Tian-Tai Buddhism. Buddhism and Confucianism often faced each other in the history of thought, but in the modern era, they became a powerful alliance. He simply chose one he thought was most suitable among the various sects of Buddhism. The representative cases were Consciousness-Only theory, Huayen Buddhism, and Tian-Tai Buddhism. The reason how such a fusion was possible is because of Chinese Buddhism itself. Unlike Indian Buddhism, Chinese Buddhism was based on the doctrine of tathāta dependent origination(眞如緣起說). The doctrine of tathāta dependent origination of Chinese Buddhism is like the theory of inherent goodness(性善論) of Confucianism. In conclusion, the fusion of Buddhism and Confucianism in the modern period of China was made on the premise of the combination of Buddhism and Confucianism. Specifically, it appeared in various ways of fusion such as Xiong Xhili and Consciousness-Only theory, Tang Junyi and Huayen Buddhism, Mou Zhongsan and Tian-Tai Buddhism.