정치적 기회구조와 민주주의 공고화: 필리핀 민주화의 구조적 한계
Political Opportunity Structure and Democratic Consolidation: Stern Reality of Philippine Democracy
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본 논문은 필리핀에서의 민주주의 전환과정과 심화과정을 ‘정치적 기회구조’의 변화라는 관점에서 조명하고 있다. 특히 민주주의 이행과정에서 사회적 소외계층을 배려함으로써 실질적 민주주의를 성취하고자하는 의지를 1987년 필리핀헌법에 포함시킨 토지개혁, 정당비례대표제, 그리고 민다나오 무슬림 자치구에 관한 조항들이 어떻게 추진되었는지를 살펴봄으로써 필리핀 민주주의 공고화 정도를 평가해 보았다. 필리핀 민주화 과정, 특히 민주적 전환 이후 실질적 민주주의 실현을 위한 사회운동 환경을 제공하는 정치적 기회구조는 반독재 민주화투쟁 시기보다도 오히려 악화된 것을 볼 수 있다. 필리핀에서 절차적 민주주의를 넘어 실질적 민주주의를 강화함으로써 민주주의 공고화라는 목표를 달성하기 위해 제도화한 다양한 정책들이 새롭게 변화된 정치적 기회구조 속에서 제대로 실현되지 못하고 있음을 볼 수 있다. 이는 필리핀 민주주의의 구조적 한계를 드러낸 것으로 향후 연구에서는 행위자 중심의 과정적 차원과 함께 보다 포괄적인 진단과 해결점을 모색해 봐야 할 것이다.
Abstract
This paper sheds light on the process of the Philippine democratic transition and deepening in the context of changing political opportunity structure. After the democratic transition in the Philippines special attentions were given to enhance substantial democracy as including certain programs in the 1987 Constitution. Especially the clauses such as agrarian reform program, party-list system, and autonomous region of the muslim mindanao were to achieve such goal. After the democratic transition the political opportunity structure, which provides the soil of social movement to enhance substantial democracy, seems to be deteriorated in certain aspects. As a result, various programs, which intend to enhance substantial democracy in order to consolidate the Philippine’s newly achieved procedural democracy, have not been reached to their intended goals. The Philippine case reveals the structural problem of democratic consolidation, and the stern reality of the democracy in the developing world. This study is focused only on the structural aspects, but the future studies should include the actor-centered analysis in order to come up with more comprehensive diagnosis and prescription for democratic consolidation.
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