캄보디아의 2018년 총선: 캄보디아구국당 해산과 퇴행적 선거권위주의
Cambodia’s 2018 General Elections: The Dissolution of Cambodian National Rescue Party and Regressive Electoral Authoritarianism
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2018년 캄보디아 총선에서 집권당인 캄보디아인민당이 76.78%를 득표하며 하원 125석 전체를 석권했다. 총선 전 강제 해산되어 선거에 참여할 수 없었던 캄보디아구국당은 선거 거부 운동으로 저항했고 캄보디아인민당은 투표 독려 로 대응했다. 그 결과 2018년 총선은 투표율로써 선거의 정당성을 심판하는 선 거가 되었는데, 투표율 82.89%는 캄보디아인민당에게 승리와 함께 선거의 부 당성을 희석하는 성과도 제공했다. 캄보디아구국당 지지층의 표는 분산되었 다. 약 60만 표의 무효표는 캄보디아인민당에 대한 반대를 의미하지만, 그 두 배의 유권자들이 캄보디아인민당 지지로 선회함으로써 전체 결과를 부정하기 에는 부족했다. 2013년 총선에서 정권교체의 위기를 경험한 캄보디아인민당은 안정적인 선 거 승리와 정권 연장을 위해 총선 전 캄보디아구국당을 강제 해산하여 2018년 총선에서 경쟁을 제거하였다. 역대 총선을 통해 패권적 선거권위주의에서 경 쟁적 선거권위주의로의 점진적 이행 궤적을 그리던 캄보디아의 정치체제는 2018년 총선을 통해 다시 패권적 선거권위주의로 퇴행하였다.
Abstract
The Cambodian People’s Party swept all 125 assembly seats with 76.78% of the vote in 2018 general elections. The Cambodian National Rescue Party, having been dissolved by court, was excluded from the election and attempted to nullify the legitimacy of the election by demanding its supporters to boycott the election. The Cambodian People’s Party launched a campaign encouraging to vote in a desperate need to thwart the boycott movement. The election then became an unprecedented kind of competition the winner of which is decided not by the percentage of the vote but by turnout. The Cambodian People’s Party was the winner with the high turnout of 82.89%, securing the means to defend the legitimacy of the election. The potential supporters of the Cambodian National Rescue Party spread out with about a million voters switching to support the Cambodian People’s Party. Over a half million invalid votes that unequivocally voiced opposition to the Cambodian People’s Party were not sufficient to deny the legitimacy of the election. Having experienced the fierce competition in the 2013 general elections that threatened to end its rule, the Cambodian People’s Party decided to secure its power in the upcoming election and executed a tactic designed to remove the rival party through legal means. Competition being removed, the Cambodian political system decayed back to hegemonic electoral authoritarianism from competitive electoral authoritarianism to which it had mad gradual progress through the general elections in the past.
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