동남아의 증여와 호혜성
Gift and Reciprocity in Southeast Asia
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이 글은 동남아의 선물교환에 대한 민족지 연구들을 검토해서 동남아의 증여와 호혜성이 갖는 독특한 성격을 체계적으로 제시하고, 이에 대한 이해가 현대 동남아 사회를 파악하는데 중요한 통로가 될 수 있다는 점을 부각시키고자 한다. 또한, 모스의 호혜적 선물교환의 분석틀, 즉 선물은 ‘줄 의무, 받을 의무, 되갚을 의무’의 순환적 고리로 구성된다는 주장을 동남아의 다양한 증여 관행을 통해 비판적으로 성찰하고 있다. 이 글은 크게 세 부분으로 구성되어 있다. 첫째, 동남아의 토착적 용어에 해당하는 필리핀의 ‘우땅 나 로옵’과 인도네시아의 ‘고똥 로용’을 분석해서 동남아인들이 증여와 호혜성을 인식하는 사고의 틀을 이해하고자 하였다. 둘째, 장례식과 혼인과 같은 의례적 상황에서의 선물교환을 연구한 대표적인 민족지 사례들을 검토하여, 구체적인 사회적 맥락 속에서 증여와 호혜성이 실천되는 양상을 분석하였다. 셋째, 동남아의 불교사회와 이슬람사회에서의 기부와 자선을 종교적 구원을 위한 공덕 쌓기 행위로 분석하여, 증여가 현세와 내세, 인간과 신과의 관계를 매개하는 독특한 방식을 밝혔다.
Abstract
This paper provides a systematic analysis of major characteristics of gift and reciprocity in Southeast Asia through examining ethnographies on gift exchange in the region. It argues that understanding their indigenous concept of gift and reciprocity should be an effective channel for explaining how contemporary Southeast Asian societies work. In addition, this paper tries to critically examine Mauss’ theory of reciprocal gift as a circulatory chain of obligations to give, receive and return, through analytical reflections on diverse gift practices in Southeast Asia. This paper is composed of three parts: first, it analyzes ‘utang na loob’ in Philippines and ‘gotong royong’ in Indonesia in order to perceive indigenous conceptual frames about gift and reciprocity; secondly, it analyzes practices of gift and reciprocity in concrete social context such as mortuary and marriage ceremonies; thirdly, it analyzes religious nature of charity in Buddhist societies and Muslim societies in Southeast Asia. It characterizes such religious charity as ‘merit-making’ giving which mediates the relations between men and God/Cosmos.
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