마르셀 모스의 『증여론』 - 증여의 사회학적 본질과 기능 그리고 호혜성의 원리에 대하여
The Gift of Marcel Mauss : the sociological nature and function of the gift and the principle of reciprocity
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본 논문은 마르셀 모스의 『증여론』에서 전개되고 있는 방법론적 이슈들과 사회학적 주제들을 검토하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 모스가 『증여론』에서 시도하고 있는 방법론의 핵심적 성격은 고고학적 탐사로 요약될 수 있으며, 이 탐사에 의해 증여는 전체적인 사회적 사실로 규정됨과 동시에 인간 사회의 항구적인 도덕으로 승격된다. 주고/받고/되돌려주는 행위로부터 출현하는 증여의 도덕은 의무와 자발성, 무사무욕과 이해관심의 상호 연루를 보여주고 있다. 증여 교환에 내재된(의무/자발성, 무사무욕/이해관심의) 이러한 역설적 결합은 호혜성의 원리를 통해 구체적으로 실현되는데, 이 호혜성의 원리는 재산의 분배, 소모 그리고 파괴에 의해서만 획득되는 사회적 인정 투쟁에 근거하고 있다. 하우(hau)라는 폴리네시아 용어를 도입함으로써, 모스는 또한 증여자와 분리되지 않는 사물들의 순환을 통해 형성되는 증여 도덕의 본질을 규명한다. 증여에 대한 이러한 해석 프레임을 통해 모스는 증여 교환의 일차적인 목적은 물건의 이전을 통한 인격의 순환에 근거한 사회성의 직조와 도덕적 유대의 창조에 있음을 지적한다.
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review the methodological issues and the sociological themes developed in The Gift of Marcel Mauss. The main characteristic of Mauss"s methode in The Gift consists of an archaeological exploration, by which the gift is defined as total social fact and elevated to the status of permanent morality in human society. Emerging from the act of giving, receiving and returning gifts, the morality of the gift shows the reciprocal implications of the obligation and of the spontaneity, of the disinterestedness and of the interest. This paradoxical combination inherent in the gift exchange is realized concretely by the principle of reciprocity, which is based upon the struggle for social recognition only obtainable by the distribution, consumption and destruction of wealth. By Introducing the Polynesian term hau, Mauss also explores the nature of the morality of the gift, which is formed through the circulation of objets unalienated from the givers. Through this interpretative framework of the gift, Mauss points out finally that the primary function of the gift exchange is to create a fabric of sociality and a moral bond, which are founded on the circulation of personalities between the persons exchanging gifts.
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