(재)동원된 혁명가들: 1950년대 인도네시아의 참전군인(veteran) 문제
(Re)Mobilized Revolutionaries: Veteran Problem in 1950’s Indonesia
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이 논문은 ‘혁명(Revolusi, 네덜란드에 대항한 독립전쟁, 1945-1949)’ 참전군인(veteran)이 전후 인도네시아에서 가지는 정치․사회적 의미를 분석한다. ‘혁명’ 참전군인들은 국가를 수호한 영웅으로 칭송받았지만, 한편으로 전후에 이들의 관리가 시급한 사회적 문제로 대두되었다. 전후 많은 전직 군인이 일상생활로의 복귀에 어려움을 겪거나 이를 거부했고, 일부 무장 세력은 지역 반란 등의 군사행동에 연루되기도 했다. 일부는 제대에 따른 손실의 보상을 기대하기도 했다. 이렇게 1950년대 전반 ‘참전군인 문제’는 안보와 경제 문제가 결부된 시급한 과제였다. 이 문제의 해결을 위해 정부는 1950년대 초부터 국가재건국(BRN) 등의 조직을 활용해 참전군인들에게 경제적 기회를 제공하고 이들을 ‘국가 개발’을 위한 프로그램에 편입시키고자 했다. 이런 ‘참전군인 문제’는 1950년대 중반 이후의 정치 변화와 더불어 새로운 국면을 맞았다. 수카르노 정부의 교도민주주의 하에서 ‘혁명’과 반외세 투쟁이 다시 강조되면서, 참전군인들은 더 큰 정치, 사회적 중요성을 지닌 존재로 부각되었다. 1957년 참전군인 관련 법률 개정과 보훈부(KUV) 설립을 통해 참전군인의 개념 정립과 이들에 대한 체계적 보상 방안이 계획되었다. 또 참전군인 대표 단체인 참전군인부대(LVRI)라는 단일 조직의 설립을 통해 이들이 정부의 통제하에 다양한 경제, 정치 활동에 동원될 수 있는 구조가 만들어졌다. 이 논문은 ‘참전군인 문제’ 관련 논의와 현상 변화를 검토함으로써, 1950년대 인도네시아 사회가 여전히 1940년대 혁명의 자장 내에 놓여 있었고, 그런 경향이 1950년대 중반의 정치변화를 통해 강화되었음을 보여준다.
Abstract
This article examines the sociopolitical significance of veterans of “Revolution (Revolusi, the War of Independence against the Netherlands, 1945-1949)” in post-war Indonesia. Soldiers who participated in the “revolution” were praised as heroes protecting the country, but their management emerged as an urgent social issue after the war. Many former soldiers had difficulty or refused to return to daily lives, and some armed groups were involved in military actions such as local rebellions. Some also expected compensation for losses resulting from discharge. In this way, in the 1st half of the 1950s the ‘veteran problem’ was an urgent task linked to security and economic issues. To solve this problem, since the early 1950s, the government has used organizations such as the Bureau of National Reconstruction (BRN) to provide economic opportunities for veterans and to incorporate them into programs for ‘national development’. This ‘war veteran issue’ took on a new aspect with political changes after the mid-1950s. In 1957, the concept of veterans and systematic compensation measures for them were planned through the revision of laws related to veterans and the establishment of the Ministry of Veterans Affairs (KUV). In addition, through the establishment of a single representative organization called the Legion of Indonesian Veterans (LVRI), a structure was created where they could be mobilized for various economic and political activities under government control. By examining discourses and changes in the phenomenon related to the “veterans problem,” this paper shows that Indonesian society in the 1950s was still in the realm of “revolution,” and that this situation was further strengthened through political transformations in the mid-1950s.
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