임금 불평등과 시장집중도 -한국 제조업을 중심으로 -
Wage Inequality and Market Concentration : Focusing on Korean manufacturing
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초록
본 연구는 임금소득 불평등이 시장집중도와 어떤 관련 있는지 실증 분석한 것이다. 2001~2021년 100만 개가 넘는 관측치를 가진 『광업․제조업 조사』를 활용하여, 기업 간 임금 불평등의 약 1/2~2/3이 산업 내(within-industries)에서 발생한다는 것을 밝혔다. 패널 계량분석 결과, 시장집중도는 산업 내 상위 1% 기업과 나머지 기업 간 임금 불평등의 약 1/5를 설명하는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 시장집중도가 1% 증가할 때, 하위 50% 종사자들의 임금 비중이 0.023%p 감소하고, 중위 40% 종사자 임금 비중이 0.044%p 각각 감소하고, 높은 임금을 지급하는 소규모 기업 수 역시 감소하였다. 한국 제조업 종사자의 약 58.8%를 고용하는 조립가공형 산업에서 지난 10여 년 동안 시장집중도와 산업 내 불평등이 증가하였으므로, 시장집중도가 한국 사회의 소득 불평등에 미치는 영향은 매우 중요하다. 아울러 이러한 분석은 지역 간 임금불평등에 대한 연구로 확장될 수 있다.
Abstract
This study empirically analyzes how wage income inequality is related to market concentration. Using the Mining and Manufacturing Survey, which has over one million observations from 2001 to 2021, we find that about two-thirds to three-quarters of the wage inequality between firms occurs within industries. Market concentration explains about one-fifth of the wage inequality between the top 1% of firms and the rest of the firms in an industry. A 1% increase in market concentration is associated with a -0.023 percentage point decrease in the wage share of the bottom 50% of workers, a -0.044 percentage point decrease in the wage share of the middle 40% of workers, and a decrease in the number of small firms paying high wages. As market concentration and within-industry inequality have increased over the past decade in the assembly and processing industry, which employs about 58.8% of South Korea's manufacturing workers, the impact of market concentration on income inequality in South Korean society is important. This analysis can also be extended to the study of wage inequality across regions.
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