17세기 臺諫 簡通의 기능과 양식- 楊州 思陵 해주정씨가 소장 문서를 중심으로 -

Abstract

This is the article to show the real document of ‘Gantong’ which has not been known in the academia to date and to review its format and the system. In a previous study dealing with Gyesa (啓辭) of Daegan(臺諫), Gantong(簡通) was introduced as the document for consolidation of the opinions among the members of Daegan just before writing Gyesa to be delivered to the king. The real document of Gantong which has not been revealed was discovered in the old documents from the head family of Haeju Jeong in Yangju. This was written by Jungsik(1615–1662) in the 17th century during his periods of Jungeon in Saganwon and Jipyung in Saheonbu. What Gantong was used in multiple public offices beside Daegan could be found in the historical records published by public offices. However, all the real Gantongs remained were prepared by Daegan, so the scope of this study was limited to Gantongs of Daegan. In this article, the real Gantong was demonstrated to analyze its format and to find out its usage patterns in the times. To do so, first, its appearance and organization structure were reviewed. With respect to the appearance of the real Gantong, the vertical length was about 25cm and the horizontal length was up to 100cm in some cases with very thin papers. Yet, the horizontal length in most cases was about 30cm. The thickness of the paper was very thin. Its size was as close as the general small letter at that times and the thickness was close to that of the letter paper. For the format of the document, the reason of Gantong was recorded in the main text by Sungsangso(城上所) who was the first writer, followed by the answers from the peers who received Gantong by writing their names without family names. The paper was rolled in a vertical direction with narrow width. After that, it was recorded as ‘Sangbaek(上白)’ on top of the sealed part and the one who proposed Gantong signed at the bottom followed by the signatures of those who received it in the order as to pile up the names over the first proposer. The format of the document was very simple to be delivered and collected quickly without writing the dates. Second, the purposes of writing documents were reviewed by the content analysis. Main contents of Gantong were those for Nonhak, Cheochi, and Pihyum like Gyesa. It is like the form of answering the question, ‘how about Nongye to someone with some crime.’ In case of Nonhak, all the opinions were asked on the matters including Yongye, Junggye, and so on beside Balgye. In case of Cheochi, it was asked to inform of Gyesa since they didn’t know how to do Cheochi. All were the contents to ask the opinions to prepare Gyesa. The first draft of Gyesa was prepared by Sungsangso(城上所) upon the discussion contents with peer officers and the main draft version was finalized with minister upon discussion with many people by Gantong, which was confirmed by Gantong from Haeju Jeong’s family. This main draft version of Gyesa was sent to Jooseo in Sungjungwon to be prepared as the official version which was delivered to the king. In this article, it was reviewed how Daegan Gantong was used in the historical records of Joseon dynasty and what kind of related rules were there beside the analysis of real Gantong. Gantong was the name of document appeared in many official historical records such as the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, Sungjungwon Diaries, and so on although it was difficult to find it in the law books, ‘Yookjunjorye,’ and regulations of each public office. Gantong used by Daegan was prepared with multiple reasons and it is the document for consolidation of the opinions before completion of Gyesa to be delivered to the king. If those who did not participate in the discussion on Gyesa did not receive Gantong with the discussion details, they did Pihyum with the reason to be neglected. If their opinions were not accepted in Gantong, they did Pihyum with the reason not to be credited from the peers. Sometimes, they were fired from their positions from this. Like this, consolidation process of opinions by Gantong was essential in the process of Daegan’s Gyesa preparation. If this was not followed, the disputes were occurred among Daegans and they were closed depending on the preparation of Gantong, its receival, and its details. In view of diplomatics, Gantong should be considered as the official document since the names of participants in Gantong were recorded externally with their signatures and the contents were related to official matters. With respect to the classification, it showed the function of Tongmoon which was for the official communication with multiple parties rather than the function of letter which was for personal communication, more clearly, because it contained mainly of the information on the public matters and decision making.