Therapeutic exosomes for various human diseases: Special issue of BMB Reports in 2022
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Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes, are cell-derivednanoparticles harboring various cellular components such asRNAs, lipids, and proteins for intercellular communication. Rolesof EVs as intercellular communicators have been extensivelystudied in the last few decades, especially under various pathologicalconditions. Deciphering the message in EVs isolated frombiological fluids of patients can provide valuable informationnot only for disease diagnosis, but also for disease monitoringor treatment responses. EVs are also attractive treatment modalityand drug delivery system with favorable properties of biocompatibility,selective tropism, and stability. Stem cell-derived naïveEVs have been tested for their regenerative or immunomodulatoryeffects in numerous preclinical and clinical studies. Thisso-called “cell-free cell therapy” is supported by the idea thatmost therapeutic actions of conventional cell therapy are mediatedby paracrine action of EVs released from stem cells. Inthat sense, immune cell-derived EVs are regarded as a reasonableoption for cancer immunotherapy. Such therapeutic effectof EVs can be dramatically augmented by incorporating activepharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to make engineered exosomesas “Trojan Horses”. Biomimetic EVs or cell-derived nanovesiclescan be generated through various physicochemical methos suchas serial extrusion. They provide alternative options due to theirhigh productivity and relatively easy purification. In this specialissue, therapeutic applications of naïve or engineered EVs arediscussed in various human diseases including cardiovasculardiseases, renal disorders, neurological diseases, cancers, andinfectious diseases focusing on COVID-19.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes, are cell-derivednanoparticles harboring various cellular components such asRNAs, lipids, and proteins for intercellular communication. Rolesof EVs as intercellular communicators have been extensivelystudied in the last few decades, especially under various pathologicalconditions. Deciphering the message in EVs isolated frombiological fluids of patients can provide valuable informationnot only for disease diagnosis, but also for disease monitoringor treatment responses. EVs are also attractive treatment modalityand drug delivery system with favorable properties of biocompatibility,selective tropism, and stability. Stem cell-derived naïveEVs have been tested for their regenerative or immunomodulatoryeffects in numerous preclinical and clinical studies. Thisso-called “cell-free cell therapy” is supported by the idea thatmost therapeutic actions of conventional cell therapy are mediatedby paracrine action of EVs released from stem cells. Inthat sense, immune cell-derived EVs are regarded as a reasonableoption for cancer immunotherapy. Such therapeutic effectof EVs can be dramatically augmented by incorporating activepharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to make engineered exosomesas “Trojan Horses”. Biomimetic EVs or cell-derived nanovesiclescan be generated through various physicochemical methos suchas serial extrusion. They provide alternative options due to theirhigh productivity and relatively easy purification. In this specialissue, therapeutic applications of naïve or engineered EVs arediscussed in various human diseases including cardiovasculardiseases, renal disorders, neurological diseases, cancers, andinfectious diseases focusing on COVID-19.