Emerging roles of neutrophils in immune homeostasis
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Neutrophils, the most abundant innate immune cells, play essentialroles in the innate immune system. As key innate immunecells, neutrophils detect intrusion of pathogens and initiateimmune cascades with their functions; swarming (arresting), cytokineproduction, degranulation, phagocytosis, and projection ofneutrophil extracellular trap. Because of their short lifespanand consumption during immune response, neutrophils needto be generated consistently, and generation of newborn neutrophils(granulopoiesis) should fulfill the environmental/systemicdemands for training in cases of infection. Accumulating evidencesuggests that neutrophils also play important roles in the regulationof adaptive immunity. Neutrophil-mediated immune responsesend with apoptosis of the cells, and proper phagocytosisof the apoptotic body (efferocytosis) is crucial for initialand post resolution by producing tolerogenic innate/adaptiveimmune cells. However, inflammatory cues can impair thesecascades, resulting in systemic immune activation; necrotic/pyroptoticneutrophil bodies can aggravate the excessive inflammation,increasing inflammatory macrophage and dendritic cellactivation and subsequent TH1/TH17 responses contributing tothe regulation of the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Inthis review, we briefly introduce recent studies of neutrophilfunction as players of immune response.
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant innate immune cells, play essentialroles in the innate immune system. As key innate immunecells, neutrophils detect intrusion of pathogens and initiateimmune cascades with their functions; swarming (arresting), cytokineproduction, degranulation, phagocytosis, and projection ofneutrophil extracellular trap. Because of their short lifespanand consumption during immune response, neutrophils needto be generated consistently, and generation of newborn neutrophils(granulopoiesis) should fulfill the environmental/systemicdemands for training in cases of infection. Accumulating evidencesuggests that neutrophils also play important roles in the regulationof adaptive immunity. Neutrophil-mediated immune responsesend with apoptosis of the cells, and proper phagocytosisof the apoptotic body (efferocytosis) is crucial for initialand post resolution by producing tolerogenic innate/adaptiveimmune cells. However, inflammatory cues can impair thesecascades, resulting in systemic immune activation; necrotic/pyroptoticneutrophil bodies can aggravate the excessive inflammation,increasing inflammatory macrophage and dendritic cellactivation and subsequent TH1/TH17 responses contributing tothe regulation of the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Inthis review, we briefly introduce recent studies of neutrophilfunction as players of immune response.
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