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Harnessing CRISPR-Cas adaptation for RNA recording and beyond

Gyeong-Seok Oh|Seongjin An|Sungchul Kim
생화학분자생물학회 (Korean Society Of Biochemistry And Molecular Biology)|2024.01|BMB Reports|제57권 제1호|pp. 40-49|DOI https://doi.org/10.5483/BMBRep.2023-0050

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키워드

CRISPR-CasCas1-Cas2CRISPR adaptationRNA recordingRT-fused Cas1
주제분류화학

초록

Prokaryotes encode clustered regularly interspaced short palindromicrepeat (CRISPR) arrays and CRISPR-associated (Cas) genesas an adaptive immune machinery. CRISPR-Cas systems effectivelyprotect hosts from the invasion of foreign enemies,such as bacteriophages and plasmids. During a process called‘adaptation’, non-self-nucleic acid fragments are acquired asspacers between repeats in the host CRISPR array, to establishimmunological memory. The highly conserved Cas1-Cas2complexes function as molecular recorders to integrate spacersin a time course manner, which can subsequently be expressedas crRNAs complexed with Cas effector proteins for the RNAguidedinterference pathways. In some of the RNA-targetingtype III systems, Cas1 proteins are fused with reverse transcriptase(RT), indicating that RT-Cas1-Cas2 complexes canacquire RNA transcripts for spacer acquisition. In this review,we summarize current studies that focus on the molecularstructure and function of the RT-fused Cas1-Cas2 integrase,and its potential applications as a directional RNA-recordingtool in cells. Furthermore, we highlight outstanding questionsfor RT-Cas1-Cas2 studies and future directions for RNA-recordingCRISPR technologies.

Abstract

Prokaryotes encode clustered regularly interspaced short palindromicrepeat (CRISPR) arrays and CRISPR-associated (Cas) genesas an adaptive immune machinery. CRISPR-Cas systems effectivelyprotect hosts from the invasion of foreign enemies,such as bacteriophages and plasmids. During a process called‘adaptation’, non-self-nucleic acid fragments are acquired asspacers between repeats in the host CRISPR array, to establishimmunological memory. The highly conserved Cas1-Cas2complexes function as molecular recorders to integrate spacersin a time course manner, which can subsequently be expressedas crRNAs complexed with Cas effector proteins for the RNAguidedinterference pathways. In some of the RNA-targetingtype III systems, Cas1 proteins are fused with reverse transcriptase(RT), indicating that RT-Cas1-Cas2 complexes canacquire RNA transcripts for spacer acquisition. In this review,we summarize current studies that focus on the molecularstructure and function of the RT-fused Cas1-Cas2 integrase,and its potential applications as a directional RNA-recordingtool in cells. Furthermore, we highlight outstanding questionsfor RT-Cas1-Cas2 studies and future directions for RNA-recordingCRISPR technologies.

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