랑케와 일본 ‘동양사’ 내러티브: 역사화해를 중심으로
Ranke and the Japanese Historiography of Orient: Towards Historical Reconciliation
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이 글은 일본 동양사의 성격과 문제점을 랑케의 역사연구와 비교함으로써 드러내려 한다. 랑케의 역사는 이념사이자 실증사로 통한다. 랑케는 독일에서 통상 이념사가로 통용되지만, 미국과 일본 역사학계에서는 실증사가로 더 잘 알려졌다. 실증과 과학의 혼돈은 랑케 역사연구를 이해하는데 큰 혼란을 가져왔다. 근대 경험주의 학문에 대처하는 방식으로 랑케는 사료비판의 방법론을 수립했다. 이것이 과학적 방법론으로 오인된 것이다. 본 연구는 랑케 역사연구의 이해를 위한 서론격으로 시라토리의 동양사연구에 대한 다나카의 논의를 정리한다. 여기서 초점은 시라토리의 실증적 역사연구의 배경에 작동하고 있는 이념사적 구도이다. 엄밀히 말해 랑케의 이념들은 과학적 세례를 받지 않은 것이다. 보편적으로 상정되는 이념은 과학적 대상이 아니라 믿음의 대상인 것이다. 필자는 랑케 역사연구의 몇 가지 사례를 제시함으로써 그의 역사연구에 깔린 이념적 요소들을 밝힌다. 그 과정에서 시라토리가 랑케의 역사연구를 전유한 방식도 제한적이나마 살펴본다.
Abstract
This article aims to disclose the nature and problems of the Japanese history of “Orient” with a comparison to Ranke's historiography. Ranke is known as both idealist and positivist. While being an idealist in Germany, he was introduced as a positivist in USA and Japan. The confusion of science and positivism also has made it difficult to understand the nature of his historiography. Ranke, in fact, established the criticism of historical sources against modern empirical science. This was mistaken for “scientific methodology”. The fact that Wissenschaft was translated into science would have contributed to amplifying that misunderstanding. As an introduction to Ranke’s historiography, I shall take advantage of Tanaka's investigation of Shiratori’s historiography of Orient: My focus is on disclosing the idealistic elements under his positivistic historiography. Rigorously speaking, Ranke's Idees never underwent scientific scrutiny. Idees supposed to be universals are not objects of science but those of belief. I shall disclose idealistic elements employed by Ranke with concrete examples from his works. In the meantime, we can get a glimpse of the manner in which Shiratori appropriated his historiography.
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