중국어 명사구 어순에 대한 언어 유형론적인 고찰
A Typological Study on the Word order of Chinese NP
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本文在语言类型学理论背景下, 对汉语名词短语的语序类型进行了统计分析｡ 现代汉语的名词修饰语成分在核心的左边, 核心在右边, 即[(领属语, 关系从句)+指示代词+数量词+非谓形容词+名词], 有时指示成分可以放在关系从句的前面｡ 汉语名词短语属于Head-Final类型, 与此相比, 汉语的动词短语属于Head-Initial类型, 核心动词放在左边｡ 这就违背了Greenberg所提出的语序普遍性｡ 汉语的名词短语语序具有一个特点, 修饰语成分都放在核心的左边, 与典型的SVO语言不一样｡本文利用The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS)(2011)的语言数据, 分析了1000多种语言的名词短语语序类型, 从中考察了汉语名词短语所具有的特点｡ 另外, 本文主要参考了Greenberg(1963)､ Dik(1978)､ Hawkins(2004)､ Rijkhoff(2004)､ Dryer(2005), 刘丹青(2005)､ 陆丙甫(2005)､ 唐正大(2007)的观点｡ 大量语言统计结果表现出语序类型之间的共性｡ 这些语序共性背后存在一系列原则｡ 本文在语言类型学家的研究基础上提出尽可能少而简化的原则｡ 通过跨语言研究, 我们发现SVO和SOV语言中名词修饰语前置和后置分布不均匀, 求其原因, 就在于核心成分的处理方式不一样｡ 本文所提出的三种语序排序原则为有“最早直接成分”(Early Immediate Constituent, Hawkins 1994)原则､ 复杂性增加原则(LIPOC, Dik1989)､ 核心成分紧靠性原则(Head Proximity Principle, Rijkhoff 2004)｡
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