죽지사(竹枝詞)의 한·중 비교 연구

Abstract

Kasa 歌詞 is a kind of Korean traditional vocal music. It can be said to be a form of music that can represent the outstanding musical culture of Korea, but systematic study thereof is quite insufficient. For this reason, in this paper, the author focused on Chukchisa 竹枝詞 (Zhuzhici in Chinese), one of the 12 kasa, and tried to examine the Chinese Zhuzhici to gain a better understanding of Chukchisa. The conclusion can be summarized as follows:Until now Chukchisa has been regarded only as music that appeared in the late 19th century, and its correct origin and relationship Chinese Zhuzhici are not known yet. Accordingly, the author started by explaining the four origins of Chinese Zhuzhici, and mentioned that it was thanks to Liu Yuxi (Yu U-sŏk in Sino-Korean) that a folk song called Zhuzhici got the attention of men of letters and was widely propagated. Also, the author discovered Zhuzhici creations from the Tang 唐 dynasty to the Qing 淸 dynasty, and learned that they had different characteristics from age to age. Zhuzhici of the Tang dynasty contains lyrical contents and mostly depicts the nature, whereas that of the Song 宋 dynasty describes historical recollections and emotions, criticism of the society, and lamentation. During the Ming 明 and Qing dynasty, Zhuzhici was spread to foreign countries, and many Zhuzhici’s about foreign countries were created. Zhuzhici’s composed in Korea amount to almost 1,000, and the oldest one is the Kachŏn Chukchisa 가전 죽지사 composed by Kim Maeng-sŏng 김맹성 in the early days of the Chosŏn dynasty. The Chukchisa during the early Chosŏn dynasty have different characteristics than those of the latter Chosŏn dynasty. As the Chukchisa of the early Chosŏn Dynasty are similar to those of the Tang dynasty, most of them depict the culture and nature of the Korean peninsula. In contrast, those of the latter Chosŏn dynasty describe the customs of the Korean peninsula, and some deal with the institutions, customs and culture of foreign countries. In particular, in the latter Chosŏn Dynasty many serial Chukchisa are discovered, which are similar to those of the Qing dynasty. Also, a comparative musical score must be selected to compare the melodies of the two countries’ Chukchisa. As no old musical score of the Chukchisa has not been discovered, the existing Chukchisa had to be used. Chinese Zhuzhici, was no different. As the musical score of the Zhuzhige of Jiugong dacheng nanbeici gongpu during the Qing dynasty was the oldest, it was selected. As the first Zhuzhige of Jiugong dacheng nanbeici gongpu had the san qu 散曲 format, the author decided to use the first Zhuzhige. When the melodies of the two countries’ Zhuzhici, despite the difference in age and the variations in the changes of music of the two countries, excluding 'kon' and 'jin' 禁 from the first sound of the first characters of the first phrase in the article, the rest is almost the same. In other words, the melody of the first Zhuzhige of Jiugong dacheng nanbeici gongpu and the melody of the first phrase of kasa Chukchisa can be said to be related to each other to a certain extent. Furthermore, the melody of kasa Chukchisa is thought to be somewhat related to the melody of Chinese Zhuzhici. For this reason, though it was only until in the latter half of the 19th century that kasa Chukchisa made its appearance, its history can be said to be much longer from the viewpoint of lyrics and melody.