笙簫竝奏형 연주의 淵源에 대한 硏究

Abstract

This study is intended to identify the origin of saengso pyŏngju 笙簫竝奏, a duet of the mounth organ called saeng 笙 or saenghwang 笙簧, the only extant traditional polyphonic wind instrument and the vertical flute (tanso 短簫), researching written accounts and examining musical materials of Unified Silla 新羅 Kingdom. Records about the saenghwang dates back to as early as the Three Kingdoms period, and little work has been done on the early saenghwang music and its origin while current studies about it are mostly focused on musical manuscripts and interpretations, and on its folk music of the late Chosŏn 朝鮮 period and the Japanese colonial period. According to Samguk sagi 『三國史記』 (History of the Three Kingdoms) it is recorded that Chŏnsang Ukkaeja 天上郁皆子 wrote “Uin” 竽引 during the reign of King Chijŭng 智證王(500-514) in Silla Kingdom. That is considered to be the oldest music concerning a kind of mouth organ (u 竽), which was known in all the Three Kingdoms (Koguryŏ 高句麗, Paekche 百濟, and Silla) around the 7th century. The same wind instrument was named differently as saeng 笙 in Koguryŏ and u竽 in Paekche. In Silla, it was named as u before the unification and as saeng after that. That suggests that the music of Silla was influenced by that of Paekche before the unification and then by Koguryŏ after that. There have been found thirteen pieces of early historical materials which tell that saengso pyŏngju was played in as late as the Unified Silla period. Ten of them are especially reliable and positive: tiles (kiwa 기와 in Korean, wa 瓦 in Sino-Korean) pieces found in the temple sites of Hwangryongsa 皇龍寺, Sach'ŏnwangsa 四天王 寺, Kosŏnsa 高仙寺, and Ch'angrimsa 昌林寺, which were built between the 7th and 9th centuries. The images on those kiwa pieces which were disparately excavated in different places have the similar representation about saengso pyŏngju, which tells that saengso pyŏngju was played as early as in the Unified Silla period, between the 7th and 9th centuries. In conclusion, the beginning of the current saengso pyŏngju dates back to the Unified Silla period between the 7th and the 9th century.