麗末鮮初 補陀落迦山 觀音의 信仰과 美術

Abstract

The Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva, which appears in the Gaṇḍavyūha of the Avataṃsaka Sūtra, is a leader of practices for Buddhist-truth, not a rescuer from suffering. Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva, one of the fifty-three leaders, convey the guidance of Buddhist practices to Sudhana, the great a seeker for truth. He is nothing but a "leader of practice" who gives great advice to the truth instead of relieving the pain of regeneration. There is said that Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva lives in Potalaka of the southern coast of India in the Gaṇḍavyūha scripture. This idea that Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva lives in southern India made faith in Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva more realistic. In addition, the Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva, with a stronger sense of reality than any other Buddhist deities, became an object of most fervent faith among all Buddhist deities. In particular, Datangxiyuji, Buddhist records of the Western world by Xuanzhang, the Chinese Buddhist priest in Tang Dynasty, imprinted Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva of Potalaka more strongly to the Buddhists of East Asia including China, Japan, and Korea. Mt. Putuo-shan in China, Mt. Nachi-san in Japan, and Nak-san in Korea were set up as Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva’s residence by the strong desire of Buddhists in various East Asian countries. In the Song Dynasty of China, the story of the journey of Sudhana for Buddhist-truth consisting of the short rhyme and the painting was independently established, and it was spread to Goryeo. Many statues and paintings of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva at Mount Potalaka were made from the late Goryeo period to the early Joseon period. The statues of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattvas were in rare postures such as Rājalīlāsana, the posture of royal ease, Lalitāsana, the posture of relaxation, and transformed Lalitāsana, and the paintings were usually Water-moon Avalokiteśvara. It is based on the records of the Gaṇḍavyūha scripture or Gaṇḍavyūha illustrations that the Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva at Mount Potalaka was expressed in the form of sitting. It is believed that Korean Avalokiteśvara faith combining with Ananyagāmin faith is a characteristic of Korea which is distinguished from China and Japan. And the painting of Ananyagāmin Bodhisattva of Senso-ji in Japan is an artistic reflection of this religious tendency. The Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva in Mt. Potalaka was combined with a motif of rescuing people from many sufferings or was combined with a motif of one thousand-handed Bodhisattva. This means that the Avalokiteśvara faith between the late Goryeo period and the early Joseon period was primarily based on Gaṇḍavyūha, and secondarily on the Lotus Sūtra and Esoteric Buddhism.