고려중기 봉화 청량사 건칠보살좌상 연구

Abstract

Dry lacquer Bodhisattva statue at Cheongyangsa Temple, which is located in Bongwha district in the Gyungsangbukdo Province, is enshrined as a attendant Bodhisattva in the Medicine Buddha Hall called Yuribozon 琉璃寶殿. It is said that the statute was moved from Munsuam temple in the mountain hermitage. Inside of the Bodhisattva statue, relics of the Goryeo period, such as Dharani and the scriptures, were found. The Bodhisattva statue is a work of the middle Goryeo dynasty influenced by the Southern Song dynasty, and is characterized by an exotic impression with a wide forehead, wide garment covering both shoulders, and drapery hem flowing down in the shaped of triangular to the knees. As these characteristics of Bodhisattva statues were seen in the area of Gyeongsang province around 12th~13th century including seated wooden Avalokitesvara statue at Bongjeongsa Temple in Andong city in 1199, the dry lacquer Bodhisattva statue at Cheongyangsa Temple was presumably created around the same period. Interestingly, during process of gilt repainting the statue, a mark indicating jewel ornamentation was attached separately from back and shoulder sides to chest and stomach sides. Other jewel ornamentation was found on the belly and thigh sides. As holes were found symmetrically on both knees, separate jewelry were possibly fixed in those holes. It is presumed that a similar type of jewelry was made of the same material as the hair. The production technique of the Bodhisattva statue is that the indide of the statue is empty, dry lacquer forms 5 to 8 layers, and material of both ears of the statue are the same dry lacquer as the body. Both hands are made of wood, and the wood joined at the wrist is connected by tenon joint and nailed. To remove the soil remained inside, the crown of the head was incised about 12cm in diameter and was not glued. A typical form of minerals (quartz or glass) were embedded in the pupil, and were fixed from inside of the statue and pressed with material such as clay, which was differentiated from other statues. The gilt repairing of Bodhisattva statue was completed in 2020, and radiocarbon dating was carried out at the Beta Research Center in the USA with a sample of the burlap fragment at bottom side of the statue. As a result of the measurement, the formation period of the Bodhisattva statue was in 1152 ~ 1260 years (90.4%), which is similar to the stylistic age of the Bodhisattva statue. Dry lacquer Bodhisattva statues in Korea appeared intensively from the late Goryeo to the early Joseon dynasty, and seated dry lacquer Bodhisattva statue of Cheongnyangsa Temple corresponded to the early period of the dry lacquer statues. Therefore, the dry lacquer Bodhisattva statue of Cheongnyangsa Temple is an important work that shows the characteristics related to the study of dry lacquer production techniques of the middle Goryeo period and to the relationship with Southern Song dynasty.