불교건축의 승가공간(僧伽空間)으로서 선승양당(禪僧兩堂)의 성립과 정착에 관한 연구

Abstract

Buddhist architecture has the distinctive feature that monastic spaces appeared before ritual spaces from its inception. This is understood as stemming from the fact that Buddhism was established by an enlightened human, namely Shakyamuni, thus prioritizing the creation of vihara, a space for practice and attaining enlightenment. Over time, the vihara became a settled element in the temple complex, alongside the stupa and chaitya. Monastic spaces, where monks' practices and daily lives took place, have been an under-researched area compared to ritual spaces represented by Buddhist halls. This study aims to define the concept of monastic spaces by categorizing and characterizing them based on their historical background. It has been confirmed that monastic spaces can be divided into two categories: those for practice and those for daily living. Through an examination of monastic spaces during the Goryeo and Joseon periods, the following characteristics of monastic spaces in Korean Buddhist architecture can be summarized: Before the Yuan Dynasty's intervention in Goryeo, monastic spaces in temples were mainly composed of Seungdang (monks' halls) in the form of a corridor or auxiliary buildings. In mountain temples, additional living spaces were constructed along with the main temple site, whereas in urban temples, these spaces were often separated to the outskirts. After the Yuan Dynasty's influence, the introduction of the Linji school's monastery system and the reconstruction of Hoeamsa Temple by Naong Hyegeun brought the Chinese Zen-style Seungdang and Jungryo (central corridor) structures to Korea. This resulted in a new architectural style where Seungdang and Jungryo were symmetrically placed alongside the Buddhist hall. During the early Joseon Dynasty, particularly under King Sejo, the emergence of Seungseungyangdang (Zen monks’ twin halls) in rebuilt temples was noted, with a common symmetrical layout facing each other across the courtyard in front of the Buddhist hall. This layout conceptually adopted the Seungdang and Jungryo composition from Hoeamsa Temple and architecturally followed the typical Goryeo temple layout where two buildings faced each other east to west across a courtyard. After the Imjin War, the reconstruction and renovation processes continued the layout of the Zen monks' twin halls established in the early Joseon period. However, the disassembly of the front gate and transverse corridor, due to the rise of outdoor ceremonies, led to the expansion of the twin halls and the incorporation of the original transverse corridor functions. Notably, the combination of bell towers with monks' quarters is an example of how the Seungseungyangdang evolved beyond mere residential functions to accommodate the transverse corridor's auxiliary facilities. Through the examination of the Seungseungyangdang, it is observed that the current layout of monks' quarters and gate towers on either side of the courtyard in front of the Buddhist hall was developed during the transformation of monastic spaces. The morphological origin of this layout can be traced back to Goryeo temple layouts, with the addition of the Seungdang and Jungryo concepts from Hoeamsa Temple, solidifying into the established layout of early Joseon.