『禪苑淸規』의 職制變化에 대한 考察

Abstract

In history of Zen or Seon Buddhism in China, the establishment of the Pure Rules of Pai-Chang laid a great foundation for the independence and development of the Zen sect. The key aspect of the Pure Rules is its contribution to the development of new way of attaining spiritual awakening for Buddhists with time changes. The rules of purity refer to a book of regulations to govern monastic and ordinary daily life for the Zen sect based on spirit of the rule. Back then, the Zen sect was integrated into the Vinaya school and had various problems due to their different monastic customs. Under the circumstances, Pai-Chang promoted financial independence and organized the Zen sect order based on the rule of Bocheong. In particular, Pai-Chang introduced organizational system to run the large-scale sect based on the consensus of Buddhists’ monks and nuns and helped Buddhists’ attaining their spiritual awakening In the Pure Rules of Pai-Chang, only the organization called Simmu under Abbot is mentioned. However, later in the pure rule for Seon or Zen published during the Song Dynasty, Simmu is specifically divided into Sajisa and Yukdusu and includes about 40 offices. As explained above, the establishment of the organizational system and their sub-offices to the Seon sect resulted from time changes and financial independence of temples. In general, this paper examined three points to look into the changes in the organization. First, there were differences in the meanings and roles of positions between the Pure Rules of Pai-Chang of the Tang Dynasty and Chanmen-guish of the Song Dynasty. For example, the position, Hwaju meant the training master and great leader of the public called as Spiritual Patriarch Seon Master in the Pure Rule of Pai-Chnag. However, later the duty of the position changed to suggest almsgiving. Second, new positions were created as the way of temple operation became diverse and the organization got more specifically divided. For example, the position called Godu was newly introduced as the financial scale of the temples got bigger. Third, as the Full Monastic Training Temple became larger, the organization was further developed. In the era of the Pure Rules of Pai-Chang, Simmu was the only hierarchy but from the Tang Dynasty, the organization was divided more specifically to include about 40 offices. As noted, the essence of Patriarch Seon is dailiness. In other words, spiritual awakening in Buddhism is to serve the public and respect their ways every day. Therefore, duties, responsibilities and mindset contained in the Pure Rules of Pai-Chang serve as a very important training spirit. The organization and attached positions such as Abbot, Jisa and Dumok which were established in the rules of purity existed to serve the public for their completion of spiritual awakening. Abbot was there to make the rules visible, Sujwa to demonstrate a role model and rules for Buddhists, and Jeonjwa to take care of public alms. As these examples show, all the missions and roles of each position were determined for people’s peaceful mind training and smooth operation of temples whether be sitting in Zen meditation or daily life. As described above, the spirit of Pure Rules by Pai-Chang allowed the establishment of rules appropriate for Seon temples and succession to the spirit of the rule with time changes. In this sense, it can be concluded that the rules of purity presented the spiritual basis to Buddhists with the introduction of the organizational system and affiliated offices and smooth operation of Seon temples.